Patients undergoing cardiac surgery have a higher risk of postoperative stroke than patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Our ability to detect postoperative stroke in this population lags behind other postoperative complications which impacts outcomes for patients eligible for medical intervention. Screening tools have been successful in detecting prehospital stroke with good accuracy, but these tools have not been validated in a postoperative setting. The aim of this pilot study is to use determine the feasibility of using prehospital stroke scales in a post-cardiac surgery population, identify barriers for scale completion, and determine non-stroke factors that may affect screening scores.

Purpose and Justification: Perioperative stroke is a cerebrovascular event that occurs after surgery and is a potentially devastating complication that affects between 1-2% of cardiac surgery patients. Despite the potential impact of perioperative stroke, there is a lack of clinical tools validated to screen for stroke in the cardiac surgery population. To date only two stroke assessment scales have been applied to the perioperative setting. One of those assessments, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), is lengthy and may be impractical in the surgical setting. This is further complicated by several factors potentially existing in surgical patients that may alter the assessment. For instance, drowsiness and administration of pain medications may affect consciousness, while pain itself may impede motor assessment. However, there are simpler, more targeted, screening tools that are reliable in detecting large artery strokes and require less time to complete, making them more preferable for perioperative stroke screening. Prehospital Triage of Patients with Suspected Stroke (PRESTO) is a combination of eight screening tools that individually have good reliability. However, none of these have been tested in a perioperative setting. The modified NIHSS (mNIHSS) is a shortened version of the NIHSS that is easier to administer and still maintains good ability to detect strokes. The investigators must assess the feasibility of these tools in surgical settings to improve perioperative stroke screening.

Research Design: Prospective observational cohort study.

Primary Objective: Determine feasibility of larger observational study to determine sensitivity and specificity of different stroke screening tools, PRESTO and mNIHSS, to predict perioperative stroke after cardiac surgery.

Sample Size Calculation: This is a pilot study to assess the feasibility of using the eight tools embedded within PRESTO. Preliminary data with a sample size of 25 was adequate in assessing the feasibility of mNIHSS in post-surgical patients. As there are no prior studies that have used PRESTO in post-cardiac surgery populations, the investigators decided to use a sample of convenience; the investigators anticipate sample size of 50 will be able to answer our study objectives. Factoring a 20% loss to follow up, the investigators will recruit a total of 60 patients at an estimated recruitment rate of 10 patients/week for 6 weeks.

Statistical Analysis: Participant characteristics will be described using means and standard deviations for continuous data and proportions (%) for categorical data. the investigators will explore changes in PRESTO and mNIHSS score from baseline over the study time points using a generalized estimating equation to account for repeated measures across multiple time points, with further inclusion of potential predictors of change in score (last sedation, age, Mini-Cog). For the co-primary feasibility outcomes, the investigators will calculate 95% confidence intervals. Multivariable regression model will be used to assess for predictors associated with large detectable changes in post op assessment scores.

Inclusion Criteria:

Patients undergoing scheduled cardiac surgery (open heart) procedures at St. Paul's Hospital.

Exclusion Criteria:

At baseline patient screening:

1. Patients who have severe cognitive impairment measured through the use of the three minute screening tool, Mini-Cog (<3 out of 5)
2. Patient has limited ability to complete assessment at baseline
3. Unable to read/speak English easily as we do not have the resources to translate our study materials into other languages
4. Significant hearing/visual impairments as it would make it hard to complete the study
5. Critical state before surgery with high probability of death within 24 hours

After cardiac surgery, patients will be removed from further data collection if:

a) They require a tracheostomy or 5 days or more of mechanical ventilation

Patients will be recruited from the St. Paul's Hospital Pre-Admission Clinic or the ward. We will include all patients presenting for open heart cardiac surgery St. Paul's Hospital.