While ABPA and CPA represent two distinct manifestations of Aspergillus-related lung disease, there is an overlap of investigations that are currently used for the diagnosis of these entities. In a previous study, the authors have demonstrated that 22% of subjects with CPA fulfilled the obligatory criteria for ABPA. While the preferable therapy in patients with ABPA is systemic glucocorticoids, the primary therapy in CPA is oral triazoles. However, a different management protocol in the "overlap group" with low doses of glucocorticoids and triazoles, needs to be systematically explored. In this study the investigators intend to compare the clinical outcomes in subjects with ABPA-CPA overlap treated either with oral azoles or a combination of systemic glucocorticoids and oral azoles.

Aspergillus causes a variety of pulmonary disorders depending on the host immunity. In immunocompetent hosts, it can cause allergic diseases, the prototype being allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). In immunosuppressed host, it causes life-threatening invasive disease. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) represents chronic Aspergillus infection of the pulmonary parenchyma in subjects with normal or slightly suppressed immunity, and generally an underlying structural lung disease (previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sarcoidosis, diffuse parenchymal lung disease and others). The diagnosis of CPA is based on the presence of clinical symptoms (low-grade fever, weight loss, malaise, chronic cough, recurrent hemoptysis and others), radiological features (combination of one or more cavities and presence of fungal ball or fibrosis, pericavitary infiltrates, consolidation, nodules and pleural thickening) and the demonstration of either direct (growth of Aspergillus on sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [BALF] culture) or indirect (elevated serum or BALF galactomannan index or A.fumigatus-specific IgG or precipitin in serum) evidence of Aspergillus infection. Primarily seen in patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis, the diagnosis of ABPA is currently made on the combination of clinical (low grade fever, hemoptysis and others), radiological (bronchiectasis, mucus impaction, centrilobular nodules and others) and immunological (A.fumigatus-specific IgE and IgG, total IgE, and elevated eosinophils) findings.

While ABPA and CPA represent two distinct manifestations of Aspergillus-related lung disease, there is an overlap of investigations that are currently used for the diagnosis of these entities. For example, A.fumigatus-specific IgG and Aspergillus precipitins are used both in diagnosing ABPA and CPA.(10) The culture of respiratory tract secretions can demonstrate the growth of Aspergillus in both these disorders. Also, ABPA is a predisposing condition for developing CPA and it is likely that both ABPA and CPA may coexist. In a previous study, the authors have demonstrated that 22% of subjects with CPA fulfilled the obligatory criteria for ABPA. While CPA is primarily due to dysfunction of Th-1 immunity, ABPA represents an inflammatory response due to Th-2 hyper response. Thus, it is possible that subjects with ABPA-CPA overlap could have components of both heightened inflammatory response and local immune dysfunction thereby perpetuating structural lung damage. While the preferable therapy in patients with ABPA is systemic glucocorticoids, the primary therapy in CPA is oral triazoles. However, a different management protocol in the "overlap group" with low doses of glucocorticoids and triazoles, needs to be systematically explored. In this study the investigators intend to compare the clinical outcomes in subjects with ABPA-CPA overlap treated either with oral azoles or a combination of systemic glucocorticoids and oral azoles.

Inclusion Criteria:

Subjects fulfil criteria for ABPA and CPA as below.

The criteria for CPA would include the presence of all the following: (i) one or more clinical symptoms (persistent cough, recurrent hemoptysis, weight loss, malaise, fever and dyspnea) for ≥3 months; (ii) slowly progressive or persistent findings (one or more cavities and surrounding fibrosis, infiltrates, consolidation, with or without fungal ball or progressive pleural thickening) on computed tomography (CT) of the thorax; (iii) immunological (A.fumigatus-specific IgG >27 mgA/L or positive Aspergillus precipitins) or microbiological evidence of Aspergillus infection (growth of Aspergillus in respiratory secretions) and, (iv) exclusion of other pulmonary disorders with similar presentation.

The diagnosis of ABPA will be made based on the presence of all the following: (a) A.fumigatus specific IgE >0.35 kUA/L; (b) total IgE ≥500 IU/mL; (c) eosinophil count ≥500 cells/µL); (d) A.fumigatus IgG>27 mgA/L.

Exclusion Criteria:

(i) failure to provide informed consent; (ii) patients on immunosuppressive drugs, intake of prednisolone (or equivalent) >10 mg for at least 3 weeks or a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus syndrome; (iii) intake of antifungal triazoles for >3 weeks in the preceding three months; (iv) subjects with active pulmonary infection due to mycobacterium tuberculosis or mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT); (v) subjects with others forms of pulmonary aspergillosis (subacute and acute invasive aspergillosis); and, (vi) pregnancy.

IPD will be shared on email to the corresponding author