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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of oral ketone ester administration on sleep architecture. To investigate this, the investigators use a randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over research design. The study comprises three experimental sessions, each separated by a one-week washout period. Two of the three experimental sessions consist of a 120 minutes cycling endurance training session (ET) two hours after breakfast and an evening high-intensity-interval training (HIIT) ending one hour before bedtime. After each training session, and 30 minutes before sleeptime, subjects receive a ketone ester or a control drink . To investigate the effects of strenuous exercise on sleep alone, an additional experimental session without exercise is added.
Before bedtime, a venous blood sample is taken to evaluate hormones playing an important role in sleep regulation. During the experimental sessions, the subjects sleep in a sleep facility to evaluate quality of sleep. Time spent in different sleep phases is measured via polysomnography (PSG). Urine output throughout the day and night will be collected for measurement of urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline as an index of intrinsic sympathetic activity.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise and ketone | Experimental | Ketone ester is provided |
|
| Exercise and placebo | Placebo Comparator | Placebo is provided |
|
| Non-exercise and placebo | Placebo Comparator | Placebo is provided |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ketone ester | Dietary Supplement | A dose of 25g of ketone ester after each training session and 30 minutes before sleeptime. The total dose is 75g of ketone ester. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Total sleep time | Change in total sleep time between conditions as evaluated with polysomnography | Between each condition, interspersed each time with a one-week wash-out period (The total duration of the measurements is two weeks) |
| Urinary nocturnal adrenaline excretion | Change in urinary nocturnal adrenaline excretion between conditions | Between each condition, interspersed each time with a one-week wash-out period (The total duration of the measurements is two weeks) |
| Urinary nocturnal noradrenaline excretion | Change in urinary nocturnal adrenaline excretion between conditions | Between each condition, interspersed each time with a one-week wash-out period (The total duration of the measurements is two weeks) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Total rapid-eye-movement sleep | Change in total rapid-eye-movement sleep between conditions as evaluated with polysomnography | Between each condition, interspersed each time with a one-week wash-out period (The total duration of the measurements is two weeks) |
| Total non-rapid-eye-movement sleep |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise Physiology Group | Leuven | 3000 | Belgium |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37259248 | Derived | Robberechts R, Albouy G, Hespel P, Poffe C. Exogenous Ketosis Improves Sleep Efficiency and Counteracts the Decline in REM Sleep after Strenuous Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023 Nov 1;55(11):2064-2074. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003231. Epub 2023 Jun 1. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007662 | Ketosis |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000138 | Acidosis |
| D000137 | Acid-Base Imbalance |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C524675 | formic acid 4-(3-oxobutyl)phenyl ester |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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| Placebo | Dietary Supplement | Collagen peptan (3g) mixed with 1 mM bitter sucrose octaacetate and 20ml of pure water. A dose of 25g of placebo drink is provided after each training session and 30 minutes before sleeptime. The total dose is 75g of placebo drink. |
|
| Exercise | Behavioral | A 120 minutes cycling endurance training session (ET) two hours after breakfast and an evening high-intensity-interval training (HIIT) ending one hour before bedtime |
|
Change in total non-rapid-eye-movement sleep between conditions as evaluated with polysomnography |
| Between each condition, interspersed each time with a one-week wash-out period (The total duration of the measurements is two weeks) |
| Total slow-wave sleep | Change in total slow-wave sleep between conditions as evaluated with polysomnography | Between each condition, interspersed each time with a one-week wash-out period (The total duration of the measurements is two weeks) |
| Plasma adrenaline concentration | Change in plasma adrenaline concentration between conditions | Between each condition, interspersed each time with a one-week wash-out period (The total duration of the measurements is two weeks) |
| Plasma noradrenaline concentration | Change in plasma noradrenaline concentration between conditions | Between each condition, interspersed each time with a one-week wash-out period (The total duration of the measurements is two weeks) |
| D001519 |
| Behavior |