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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| R21NS125546 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University | OTHER |
| National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) | NIH |
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The aim of the research is to improve motor function in people with cerebellar ataxia by using neuroimaging methods and mental imagery to "exercise" motor networks in the brain. The relevance of this research to public health is that results have the potential to reduce motor deficits associated with cerebellar atrophy, thereby enhancing the quality of life and promoting independence.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real time neurofeedback with task and at-home finger tapping practice sessions | Experimental | Participants will undergo a real-time fMRI scan during which two distinct tasks will be performed. Neurofeedback treatment: During the fMRI scan, the tasks consist of:
During overt finger tapping, feedback will consist of a slider bar that indicates tapping accuracy to target speed (1 or 4Hz). During motor imagery, neurofeedback will consist of a crosshair that flashes to indicate the success of recruiting predicted brain regions (consistent with those engaged during overt tapping). At-home therapy: Participants are assigned to one of two groups where participants will practice each day 17 sessions total at-home. Group 1: Overt finger tapping on 17 daily sessions. Participants will finger tap in time with the flashing cue. |
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| Real time neurofeedback with task and at-home motor imagery practice sessions | Experimental | Participants will undergo a real-time fMRI scan during which two distinct tasks will be performed. Neurofeedback treatment: During the fMRI scan, the tasks consist of:
During overt finger tapping, feedback will consist of a slider bar that indicates tapping accuracy to target speed (1 or 4Hz). During motor imagery, neurofeedback will consist of a crosshair that flashes to indicate the success of recruiting predicted brain regions (consistent with those engaged during overt tapping). At-home therapy: Participants are assigned to one of two groups where participants will practice each day 17 sessions total at-home. Group 2: Motor imagery only on 13 daily sessions, and overt finger tapping only on 4 daily sessions. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real-time fMRI with neurofeedback of motor imagery | Device | Participants undergo a real-time fMRI scan during which they are provided feedback regarding the accuracy of their motor imagery performance. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Overt Tapping Accuracy as Assessed by Finger Tapping to a Flashing Cue at 1Hz Speed | During the MRI session, accuracy on overt tapping will be measured by the distance of the actual tapping rate vs. target rate (1Hz). Accuracy at baseline will be compared to that of final assessment, which will take place before and after neurofeedback training, respectively. The difference in accuracy between the two tests create a delta measure (i.e., fewer errors in the final vs. baseline tests). This delta accuracy will indicate the magnitude of tapping accuracy improvements. Root mean squared error (RMSE) is the measure for both the baseline and post-treatment behavioral tasks. RMSE will be based on the actual number of taps per second relative to the expected number of taps per second (e.g., 1 tap for 1Hz). Then post treatment RMSE minus baseline RMSE will determine a delta RMSE. A higher RMSE signifies greater error. For the delta measure, it is expected, lower scores reflect greater improvement on the task. | Baseline and MRI duration, up to 1 hour |
| Change in Overt Tapping Accuracy as Assessed by Finger Tapping to a Flashing Cue at 4Hz Speed | During the MRI session, accuracy on overt tapping will be measured by the distance of the actual tapping rate vs. target rate (4Hz). Accuracy at baseline will be compared to that of final assessment, which will take place before and after neurofeedback training, respectively. The difference in accuracy between the two tests create a delta measure (i.e., fewer errors in the final vs. baseline tests). This delta accuracy will indicate the magnitude of tapping accuracy improvements. Root mean squared error (RMSE) is the measure for both the baseline and post-treatment behavioral tasks. RMSE will be based on the actual number of taps per second relative to the expected number of taps per second (e.g., 1 tap for 1Hz). Then post treatment RMSE minus baseline RMSE will determine a delta RMSE. A higher RMSE signifies greater error. For the delta measure, it is expected, lower scores reflect greater improvement on the task. | Baseline and MRI duration, up to 1 hour |
| Change in At-home Overt Tapping Accuracy as Assessed by Finger Tapping to a Flashing Cue at 1Hz Speed | Accuracy at baseline will be compared to that of final assessment, which will take place before and after the 3-week at-home practice sessions, respectively. The delta measure will indicate the magnitude of tapping accuracy improvements. Groups will be compared to examine differences in delta as a function of practice condition (tapping only or imagery plus tapping). RMSE (root mean squared error) is the measure for both the baseline and post-treatment behavioral tasks. RMSE will be based on the actual number of taps per second relative to the expected number of taps per second (e.g., 1 tap for 1Hz). Then post treatment RMSE minus baseline RMSE will determine a delta RMSE. A higher RMSE signifies greater error. For the delta measure, it is expected, lower scores reflect greater improvement on the task. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The Correlation Between MRI BOLD During Imagery and Finger Tapping Accuracy Improvements to a Flashing Cue at 1Hz as Assessed by a Correlation Coefficient | This will assess the correlation between MRI Blood Oxygen Level Dependence (BOLD) during imagery and finger tapping accuracy improvement (pre- vs. post- neurofeedback training) by a correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient ranging from -1 to 1, where the closer the coefficient is to -1 indicates a negative association and the closer the coefficient is to 1 indicates a strong positive association. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Cherie Marvel, PhD | Johns Hopkins University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine | Baltimore | Maryland | 21205 | United States |
Individual participant data that underlie the results reported in this article, after deidentification (text, tables, figures, and appendices).
Immediately following publication. No end date.
Access to trial individual participant data (IPD) can be requested by qualified researchers engaging in independent scientific research, and will be provided following review and approval of a research proposal and Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP) and execution of a Data Sharing Agreement (DSA). For more information or to submit a request, please contact cmarvel1@jhmi.edu.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Pre-Randomization: fMRI Neurofeedback | Participants will undergo a real-time fMRI scan during which two distinct tasks will be performed. Neurofeedback treatment: During the fMRI scan, the tasks consist of:
During overt finger tapping, feedback will consist of a slider bar that indicates tapping accuracy to target speed (1 or 4Hz). During motor imagery, neurofeedback will consist of a crosshair that flashes to indicate the success of recruiting predicted brain regions (consistent with those engaged during overt tapping). |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Randomization |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jul 21, 2023 |
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| Baseline and At-home sessions (10 minutes/day), up to 23 days |
| Change in At-home Overt Tapping Accuracy as Assessed by Finger Tapping to a Flashing Cue at 4Hz Speed | Accuracy at baseline will be compared to that of final assessment, which will take place before and after the 3-week at-home practice sessions, respectively. The delta measure will indicate the magnitude of tapping accuracy improvements. Groups will be compared to examine differences in delta as a function of practice condition (tapping only or imagery plus tapping). RMSE (root mean squared error) is the measure for both the baseline and post-treatment behavioral tasks. RMSE will be based on the actual number of taps per second relative to the expected number of taps per second (e.g., 4 taps for 4Hz). Then post treatment RMSE minus baseline RMSE will determine a delta RMSE. A higher RMSE signifies greater error. For the delta measure, it is expected, lower scores reflect greater improvement on the task. | Baseline and At-home sessions (10 minutes/day), up to 23 days |
| MRI duration, up to 1 hour |
| The Correlation Between MRI BOLD and Finger Tapping Accuracy to a Flashing Cue at 4Hz as Assessed by a Correlation Coefficient | This will assess the correlation between MRI Blood Oxygen Level Dependence (BOLD) during imagery and finger tapping accuracy improvement (pre- vs. post- neurofeedback training) by a correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient ranging from -1 to 1, where the closer the coefficient is to -1 indicates a negative association and the closer the coefficient is to 1 indicates a strong positive association. | MRI duration, up to 1 hour |
| The Correlation Between the KVIQ and Imagery Accuracy of the Flashing Cross on the MRI Task as Assessed by a Correlation Coefficient | The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ), overall score ranging from 0-100, where higher scores reflect more vivid imagery) will assess imagery vividness. This will be correlated with the image accuracy measures described in Secondary Outcome Measure 5. The correlation coefficient ranging from -1 to 1, where the closer the coefficient is to -1 indicates a negative association and the closer the coefficient is to 1 indicates a strong positive association. | Up to 1.5 hours |
| The Correlation Between the ICARS and Imagery Accuracy Accuracy of the Flashing Cross on the MRI Task as Assessed by a Correlation Coefficient | The International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS), overall score ranging from 0-100, where higher scores indicate more severe neurological impairment) will assess neurological impairments. This will be correlated with image accuracy measures described in 'Secondary Outcome Measure 5. The correlation coefficient ranging from -1 to 1, where the closer the coefficient is to -1 indicates a negative association and the closer the coefficient is to 1 indicates a strong positive association. | Up to 1.5 hours |
| FG001 | Randomization: Homework Sessions With Tapping Only (Control Group) | At-home therapy: Participants are assigned to one of two groups where participants will practice each day 17 sessions total at-home. Group 1: Overt finger tapping on 17 daily sessions. Participants will finger tap in time with the flashing cue. |
| FG002 | Randomization: Homework Sessions With Imagery Only (Intervention Group) | At-home therapy: Participants are assigned to one of two groups where participants will practice each day 17 sessions total at-home. Group 2: Motor imagery only on 13 daily sessions, and overt finger tapping only on 4 daily sessions. |
| COMPLETED |
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| NOT COMPLETED |
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| Randomization |
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All participants have cerebellar ataxia.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Real Time Neurofeedback With Task With At-home Practice Sessions | Participants will undergo a real-time fMRI scan during which two distinct tasks will be performed. Neurofeedback treatment: During the fMRI scan, the tasks consist of:
During overt finger tapping, feedback will consist of a slider bar that indicates tapping accuracy to target speed (1 or 4Hz). During motor imagery, neurofeedback will consist of a crosshair that flashes to indicate the success of recruiting predicted brain regions (consistent with those engaged during overt tapping). At-home therapy: Participants are assigned to one of two groups where participants will practice each day 17 sessions total at-home. Group 1: Overt finger tapping on 17 daily sessions. Participants will finger tap in time with the flashing cue. Group 2: Imagery on 13 daily sessions, and overt tapping on 4 sessions. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) | ICARS is a neurological exam to assess severity of symptoms, with a total possible score of 0-100, and higher scores indicate greater symptom severity. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ) | Scale to assess motor imagery vividness. Scores can range from 0 - 50, with higher scores indicating more intense imagery vividness. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
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| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Overt Tapping Accuracy as Assessed by Finger Tapping to a Flashing Cue at 1Hz Speed | During the MRI session, accuracy on overt tapping will be measured by the distance of the actual tapping rate vs. target rate (1Hz). Accuracy at baseline will be compared to that of final assessment, which will take place before and after neurofeedback training, respectively. The difference in accuracy between the two tests create a delta measure (i.e., fewer errors in the final vs. baseline tests). This delta accuracy will indicate the magnitude of tapping accuracy improvements. Root mean squared error (RMSE) is the measure for both the baseline and post-treatment behavioral tasks. RMSE will be based on the actual number of taps per second relative to the expected number of taps per second (e.g., 1 tap for 1Hz). Then post treatment RMSE minus baseline RMSE will determine a delta RMSE. A higher RMSE signifies greater error. For the delta measure, it is expected, lower scores reflect greater improvement on the task. | One person withdrew from the MRI portion and did not complete the task. Four additional participants were unable to complete the functional MRI task as instructed, confirmed by post-experimental questionnaires. Because these people were presumably using strategies that were not of interest to the research question, their data was excluded from analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | taps per second | Baseline and MRI duration, up to 1 hour |
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| Primary | Change in Overt Tapping Accuracy as Assessed by Finger Tapping to a Flashing Cue at 4Hz Speed | During the MRI session, accuracy on overt tapping will be measured by the distance of the actual tapping rate vs. target rate (4Hz). Accuracy at baseline will be compared to that of final assessment, which will take place before and after neurofeedback training, respectively. The difference in accuracy between the two tests create a delta measure (i.e., fewer errors in the final vs. baseline tests). This delta accuracy will indicate the magnitude of tapping accuracy improvements. Root mean squared error (RMSE) is the measure for both the baseline and post-treatment behavioral tasks. RMSE will be based on the actual number of taps per second relative to the expected number of taps per second (e.g., 1 tap for 1Hz). Then post treatment RMSE minus baseline RMSE will determine a delta RMSE. A higher RMSE signifies greater error. For the delta measure, it is expected, lower scores reflect greater improvement on the task. | One person withdrew from the MRI portion and did not complete the task. Four additional participants were unable to complete the functional MRI task as instructed, confirmed by post-experimental questionnaires. Because these people were presumably using strategies that were not of interest to the research question, their data was excluded from analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | taps per second | Baseline and MRI duration, up to 1 hour |
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| Primary | Change in At-home Overt Tapping Accuracy as Assessed by Finger Tapping to a Flashing Cue at 1Hz Speed | Accuracy at baseline will be compared to that of final assessment, which will take place before and after the 3-week at-home practice sessions, respectively. The delta measure will indicate the magnitude of tapping accuracy improvements. Groups will be compared to examine differences in delta as a function of practice condition (tapping only or imagery plus tapping). RMSE (root mean squared error) is the measure for both the baseline and post-treatment behavioral tasks. RMSE will be based on the actual number of taps per second relative to the expected number of taps per second (e.g., 1 tap for 1Hz). Then post treatment RMSE minus baseline RMSE will determine a delta RMSE. A higher RMSE signifies greater error. For the delta measure, it is expected, lower scores reflect greater improvement on the task. | Four people did not complete the MRI component as instructed, and one person in the tapping only (control group) condition did not complete the final 7 at-home exercise sessions. These 5 people were excluded from at-home data analysis (a total of 3 excluded from Tapping and 2 excluded from Imagery). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | taps per second | Baseline and At-home sessions (10 minutes/day), up to 23 days |
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| Primary | Change in At-home Overt Tapping Accuracy as Assessed by Finger Tapping to a Flashing Cue at 4Hz Speed | Accuracy at baseline will be compared to that of final assessment, which will take place before and after the 3-week at-home practice sessions, respectively. The delta measure will indicate the magnitude of tapping accuracy improvements. Groups will be compared to examine differences in delta as a function of practice condition (tapping only or imagery plus tapping). RMSE (root mean squared error) is the measure for both the baseline and post-treatment behavioral tasks. RMSE will be based on the actual number of taps per second relative to the expected number of taps per second (e.g., 4 taps for 4Hz). Then post treatment RMSE minus baseline RMSE will determine a delta RMSE. A higher RMSE signifies greater error. For the delta measure, it is expected, lower scores reflect greater improvement on the task. | Four people did not complete the MRI component as instructed, and one person in the tapping only (control group) condition did not complete the final 7 at-home exercise sessions. These 5 people were excluded from at-home data analysis (a total of 3 excluded from Tapping and 2 excluded from Imagery). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | taps per second | Baseline and At-home sessions (10 minutes/day), up to 23 days |
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| Secondary | The Correlation Between MRI BOLD During Imagery and Finger Tapping Accuracy Improvements to a Flashing Cue at 1Hz as Assessed by a Correlation Coefficient | This will assess the correlation between MRI Blood Oxygen Level Dependence (BOLD) during imagery and finger tapping accuracy improvement (pre- vs. post- neurofeedback training) by a correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient ranging from -1 to 1, where the closer the coefficient is to -1 indicates a negative association and the closer the coefficient is to 1 indicates a strong positive association. | One person withdrew from the MRI portion and did not complete the task. Four additional participants were unable to complete the functional MRI task as instructed, confirmed by post-experimental questionnaires. Because these people were presumably using strategies that were not of interest to the research question, their data was excluded from analysis. | Posted | Number | correlation coefficient | MRI duration, up to 1 hour |
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| Secondary | The Correlation Between MRI BOLD and Finger Tapping Accuracy to a Flashing Cue at 4Hz as Assessed by a Correlation Coefficient | This will assess the correlation between MRI Blood Oxygen Level Dependence (BOLD) during imagery and finger tapping accuracy improvement (pre- vs. post- neurofeedback training) by a correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient ranging from -1 to 1, where the closer the coefficient is to -1 indicates a negative association and the closer the coefficient is to 1 indicates a strong positive association. | One person withdrew from the MRI portion and did not complete the task. Four additional participants were unable to complete the functional MRI task as instructed, confirmed by post-experimental questionnaires. Because these people were presumably using strategies that were not of interest to the research question, their data was excluded from analysis. | Posted | Number | correlation coefficient | MRI duration, up to 1 hour |
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| Secondary | The Correlation Between the KVIQ and Imagery Accuracy of the Flashing Cross on the MRI Task as Assessed by a Correlation Coefficient | The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ), overall score ranging from 0-100, where higher scores reflect more vivid imagery) will assess imagery vividness. This will be correlated with the image accuracy measures described in Secondary Outcome Measure 5. The correlation coefficient ranging from -1 to 1, where the closer the coefficient is to -1 indicates a negative association and the closer the coefficient is to 1 indicates a strong positive association. | One person withdrew from the MRI portion and did not complete the task. Four additional participants were unable to complete the functional MRI task as instructed, confirmed by post-experimental questionnaires. Because these people were presumably using strategies that were not of interest to the research question, their data was excluded from analysis. | Posted | Number | correlation coefficient | Up to 1.5 hours |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | The Correlation Between the ICARS and Imagery Accuracy Accuracy of the Flashing Cross on the MRI Task as Assessed by a Correlation Coefficient | The International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS), overall score ranging from 0-100, where higher scores indicate more severe neurological impairment) will assess neurological impairments. This will be correlated with image accuracy measures described in 'Secondary Outcome Measure 5. The correlation coefficient ranging from -1 to 1, where the closer the coefficient is to -1 indicates a negative association and the closer the coefficient is to 1 indicates a strong positive association. | One person withdrew from the MRI portion and did not complete the task. Four additional participants were unable to complete the functional MRI task as instructed, confirmed by post-experimental questionnaires. Because these people were presumably using strategies that were not of interest to the research question, their data was excluded from analysis. | Posted | Number | correlation coefficient | Up to 1.5 hours |
|
Up To 3 Weeks
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Pre-Randomization: fMRI Neurofeedback | Participants will undergo a real-time fMRI scan during which distinct tasks will be performed. Neurofeedback treatment: During the fMRI scan, the tasks consist of:
During overt finger tapping, feedback will consist of a slider bar that indicates tapping accuracy to target speed (1 or 4Hz). During motor imagery, neurofeedback will consist of a crosshair that flashes to indicate the success of recruiting predicted brain regions (consistent with those engaged during overt tapping). | 0 | 21 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 21 |
| EG001 | fMRI Neurofeedback and Homework Sessions With Tapping (Control Group) | Participants will undergo a real-time fMRI scan during which two distinct tasks will be performed. Neurofeedback treatment: During the fMRI scan, the tasks consist of: Overt finger tapping in time with a flashing cue. Motor imagery (of finger tapping). During overt finger tapping, feedback will consist of a slider bar that indicates tapping accuracy to target speed (1 or 4Hz). During motor imagery, neurofeedback will consist of a crosshair that flashes to indicate the success of recruiting predicted brain regions (consistent with those engaged during overt tapping). At-home therapy: Participants are assigned to group where participants will practice each day 17 sessions total at-home. Group 1: Overt finger tapping on 17 daily sessions. Participants will finger tap in time with the flashing cue. | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| EG002 | fMRI Neurofeedback and Homework Sessions With Imagery (Intervention Group) | Participants will undergo a real-time fMRI scan during which two distinct tasks will be performed. Neurofeedback treatment: During the fMRI scan, the tasks consist of: Overt finger tapping in time with a flashing cue. Motor imagery (of finger tapping). During overt finger tapping, feedback will consist of a slider bar that indicates tapping accuracy to target speed (1 or 4Hz). During motor imagery, neurofeedback will consist of a crosshair that flashes to indicate the success of recruiting predicted brain regions (consistent with those engaged during overt tapping). At-home therapy: Group 2: Motor imagery only on 13 daily sessions, and overt finger tapping only on 4 daily sessions. | 0 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 9 |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cherie Marvel | Johns Hopkins University | 410-387-8510 | cmarvel1@jhmi.edu |
| Nov 19, 2024 |
| Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Aug 13, 2023 | Nov 12, 2024 | ICF_001.pdf |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002524 | Cerebellar Ataxia |
| D020754 | Spinocerebellar Ataxias |
| D002526 | Cerebellar Diseases |
| D019636 | Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| D009069 | Movement Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D001259 | Ataxia |
| D020820 | Dyskinesias |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D013132 | Spinocerebellar Degenerations |
| D013118 | Spinal Cord Diseases |
| D020271 | Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System |
| D030342 | Genetic Diseases, Inborn |
| D009358 | Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities |
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| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
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| Black or African American |
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| White |
|
| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
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| OG001 | Randomization: Homework Sessions With Imagery Only (Intervention Group) | At-home therapy: Participants are assigned to one of two groups where participants will practice each day 17 sessions total at-home. Group 2: Motor imagery only on 13 daily sessions, and overt finger tapping only on 4 daily sessions. |
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| OG001 | Randomization: Homework Sessions With Imagery Only (Intervention Group) | At-home therapy: Participants are assigned to one of two groups where participants will practice each day 17 sessions total at-home. Group 2: Motor imagery only on 13 daily sessions, and overt finger tapping only on 4 daily sessions. |
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