Participants will undergo a real-time fMRI scan during which two distinct tasks will be performed.

Participants will undergo an overt tapping task at baseline. Participants are assigned to a group where they will then perform respective motor and/or imagery tasks at home for 3 weeks.

During the fMRI scan, the tasks consist of:

1. Overt finger tapping in time with a flashing cue.
2. Motor imagery (of finger tapping).

During overt finger tapping, feedback will consist of a slider bar that indicates tapping accuracy to target speed (1 or 4Hz). During motor imagery, neurofeedback will consist of a slider bar that indicates the success of recruiting predicted brain regions (consistent with those engaged during overt tapping).

During the MRI session, accuracy on overt tapping will be measured by the distance of the actual tapping rate vs. target rate (1Hz). Accuracy at baseline will be compared to that of final assessment, which will take place before and after neurofeedback training, respectively. The difference in accuracy between the two tests create a delta measure (i.e., fewer errors in the final vs. baseline tests). This delta accuracy will indicate the magnitude of tapping accuracy improvements. Root mean squared error (RMSE) is the measure for both the baseline and post-treatment behavioral tasks. RMSE will be based on the actual number of taps per second relative to the expected number of taps per second (e.g., 1 tap for 1Hz). Then post treatment RMSE minus baseline RMSE will determine a delta RMSE. A higher RMSE signifies greater error. For the delta measure, it is expected, lower scores reflect greater improvement on the task.

During the MRI session, accuracy on overt tapping will be measured by the distance of the actual tapping rate vs. target rate (4Hz). Accuracy at baseline will be compared to that of final assessment, which will take place before and after neurofeedback training, respectively. The difference in accuracy between the two tests create a delta measure (i.e., fewer errors in the final vs. baseline tests). This delta accuracy will indicate the magnitude of tapping accuracy improvements. RMSE (root mean squared error) is the measure for both the baseline and post-treatment behavioral tasks. RMSE will be based on the actual number of taps per second relative to the expected number of taps per second (e.g., 4 taps for 4Hz). Then post treatment RMSE minus baseline RMSE will determine a delta RMSE. A higher RMSE signifies greater error. For the delta measure, it is expected, lower scores reflect greater improvement on the task.

Accuracy at baseline will be compared to that of final assessment, which will take place before and after the 3-week at-home practice sessions, respectively. The delta measure will indicate the magnitude of tapping accuracy improvements. Groups will be compared to examine differences in delta as a function of practice condition (imagery only, tapping only, or imagery plus tapping). At-home tapping performance will be compared to MRI tapping performance. RMSE (root mean squared error) is the measure for both the baseline and post-treatment behavioral tasks. RMSE will be based on the actual number of taps per second relative to the expected number of taps per second (e.g., 1 tap for 1Hz). Then post treatment RMSE minus baseline RMSE will determine a delta RMSE. A higher RMSE signifies greater error. For the delta measure, it is expected, lower scores reflect greater improvement on the task.

This will assess the correlation between MRI Blood Oxygen Level Dependence (BOLD) and finger tapping accuracy by a correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to 1, where the closer the coefficient is to -1 indicates a strong negative association and the closer the coefficient is to 1 indicates a strong positive association.