Participants performing 16 sessions of therapeutic exercise for 8 weeks with a frequency of two sessions per week. All sessions had a practical focus (strength and stretching exercises) with the help of elastic bands.

They do not change their lifestyle and do not receive the therapeutic exercise sessions.

The therapeutic exercise intervention with the help of elastic bands was carried out for 8 weeks with a frequency of two sessions per week, for a total of 16 sessions of 45 minutes duration.

The visual analogue scale is a widely used tool for measuring pain. The patient is asked to indicate their perceived pain intensity (most commonly) along a 100 mm horizontal line, and this rating is then measured from the left edge. With 0 mm being no pain perception and 100 mm being the maximum perceived pain. So the higher the value the worse the patient's pain sensation.

This was measured using the deep neck flexor endurance test. When in supine position, participants were asked to flex the upper cervical spine, move their heads away from the couch approximately 2.5 cm and hold this position for as long as possible. The test ended when students dropped their heads or lost craniocervical flexion.

Students were in prone position, head neutral, arms by their sides and a 10-cm stabilising strip of Velcro was placed at the sixth dorsal vertebra level. An inclinometer and 5-cm strap were placed around the participants head with a 2-kg weight hanging from it. Participants were asked to support this weight for as long as possible while maintaining a neutral head position.

Participants stood with their shoulders and elbows flexed at 90°. Students' elbows were kept approximately shoulder-distance apart with a ruler and they were asked to pull both extremities of the dynamometer by externally rotating their shoulders until the dynamometer reached 1 kg. They were asked to hold this position for as long as possible.