This research focuses on the development and validation of indicators on the relevance of antibiotic prescriptions. The investigators want to propose transferable tools to other healthcare institutions to allow automated construction of quality indicators as part of a structured approach to improve future practices. The main objective of the study is to develop indicators on the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions and on surgical prophylaxis automated from the hospital information system and to assess their criterion validity.

According to the national program to control Antimicrobial resistance, hospitals are required to report two indicators on antibiotic prescriptions appropriateness: 1/the percentage of inappropriate treatment among treatments lasting more than 7 days; 2/the percentage of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis lasting more than 24 hours.

These indicators are collected via practice audits that are time-consuming and cover a limited number of patient records.

The main objective of ARIPPA project is to assess the ability of an automatic tool to detect inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions directly from the electronic health records (sensitivity). Secondary objectives are 1) to assess the specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the tool for automatically calculating indicators of the relevance of antibiotic prescriptions from information systems, 2) to assess the impact of individual and collective feedbacks on antibiotic prescription appropriateness 3) to explore acceptability of this automated tool by prescribers.

This observational study consists in 4 steps: 1/ development of the automatic tool to detect inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions directly from the electronic health records - for treatments lasting more than 7 days, the study will focus on respiratory infections and urinary tract infections which are the most common infections in hospitals; 2/ assessment of metrologic performance of the tool by comparison to practice audits as the gold standard; 3/ feedback of the indicators to the prescribers and 4/ evaluation of the impact of this feedback on appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions.

This project will be piloted at Bordeaux University hospital and then implemented in other public hospitals belonging to a same territorial organization. As each hospital information system is different, the investigators will propose transposable tools to other healthcare institutions to allow an automated construction of these indicators.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients whose medical and administrative data are available in an electronic format in the hospital information system

• Adult patients aged over 18;

• Patients hospitalized at the Bordeaux University Hospital or one of the hospital of the territorial organization ;

• Patients hospitalized between 01/01/2022 and 31/12/2024 ;

• Indicator 1: "antibiotic treatments of more than 7 days without justifications"

  • Patients with of a hospitalization of more than 24 hours;
  • Patients with urinary or respiratory infections on admission or during the hospitalization (including sepsis related to urinary or respiratory infection);
  • Patients with a prescription for at least one antibiotic, initiated on admission or during the hospitalization, for more than 7 days including the hospital prescription AND the discharge prescription

• Indicator 2: "surgical antibiotic prophylaxis lasting more than 24 hours"

  • Patients with surgery requiring an antibiotic prophylaxis
  • Patients having received antibiotic prophylaxis

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients not hospitalized at the Bordeaux University Hospital or one of the hospital of the territorial organization.

• Patients whose medical and administrative data are not available in an electronic format in the hospital information system;

• Patients who have refused the secondary use of their data for research purpose

• Indicator 1: "Indicator of antibiotic treatments of more than 7 days without justifications"

  • Patients with another concomitant infectious pathology
  • Patient with pulmonary or urinary tuberculosis

• Indicator 2: "surgical antibiotic prophylaxis lasting more than 24 hours"

  • Patients without any surgery or with surgery for which antibiotic prophylaxis is not required
  • Patients without antibiotic prophylaxis

Patients whose medical and administrative data are available in an electronic format in the hospital information system, Adult patients aged over 18.