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In this study, the investigators will be able to estimate the metabolic cost of several foundational medicine ball training exercises.
Medicine ball training has become a popular cardiovascular training choice in fitness centers and athletic performance enhancement facilities. Despite widespread use and growing popularity, little is known about the metabolic demands of such a training method. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the cardiovascular and metabolic cost from various foundational medicine ball exercises in order to contribute to a better planning of exercise programs in the real world.
Ten healthy young adults were assigned to execute fourteen bodyweight exercises (acute bout) of which seven exercises will be executed by throwing the medicine ball and seven exercises will be executed without a medicine ball throw. Anthropometric, metabolic, functional capacity and performance measurements were conducted at baseline. The metabolic cost was estimated from heart rate, blood lactate, resting oxygen uptake, exercise oxygen uptake, and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption measurements using a portable gas analyzer.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Training | Experimental | Participants in this arm will perform seven medicine ball training exercises (acute bout per exercise) at two different conditions [Throwing a ball (TB) and no Throwing a ball (NTB)]. |
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| Control | No Intervention | Participants in this arm will receive no intervention. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MB-TB | Behavioral | Training exercises with throwing a medicine ball will be performed for 30 seconds and the training volume will be consisted of 1 repetition. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in exercise-induced energy expenditure | Exercise energy expenditure (kcal) will be measured using a portable indirect calorimetry system | At pre-exercise, during, and 30 minutes after the exercise session (a single bout lasting 30 seconds) |
| Change in excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) | EPOC (kcal) will be measured using a portable indirect calorimetry system | At 1 hour after exercise session (single bout lasting 30 seconds) |
| Change in blood lactate concentration (BLa) | BLa (mmol/L) concentration will be measured in a microphotometer with commercially available kits. | At pre-exercise and 3 minutes after exercise session (a single bout lasting 30 seconds) |
| Change in heart rate | Heart rate (bpm) will be measured with a wearable heart rate monitor | At pre-exercise, during, and 30 minutes after ther exercise session (a single bout lasting 30 seconds) |
| Change in perceived exertion | Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) will be measured with the Borg scale (0-10) | At pre-exercise, during, and 30 minutes after the exercise session (a single bout lasting 30 seconds) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Body weight | Body weight will be measured on a beam balance with stadiometer | At baseline |
| Body height | Body height will be measured on a beam balance with stadiometer |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ioannis G Fatouros, Prof | University of Thessaly | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Exercise Biochemistry and Sports Nutrition, School of Physical Education, Sports Sciences and Dietetics, University of Thessaly | Trikala | 42100 | Greece |
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| MB-NTB | Behavioral | Training exercises without throwing a medicine ball will be performed for 30 seconds and the training volume will be consisted of 1 repetition. |
|
| At baseline |
| Body mass index (BMI) | BMI will be calculated using the Quetelet's equation | At baseline |
| Waist circumference (WC) | WC (cm) will be measured using a Gullick II tape | At baseline |
| Hip circumference (HC) | HC (cm) will be measured using a Gullick II tape | At baseline |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR | WHR will be calculated by dividing the waist by the hip measurement | At baseline |
| Resting metabolic rate (RMR) | RMR (kcal) will be measured using a portable open-circuit indirect calorimeter with a ventilated hood system | At baseline |
| Body fat (BF) Body fat (%) will be assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | BF (%) will be assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | At baseline |
| Fat mass (FM)t Body fat (%) will be assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | FM (kg) will be assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | At baseline |
| Fat-free mass (FFM) | FFM (kg) will be assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | At baseline |
| Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) | VO2max (mL/kg/min) will be assessed by a portable open-circuit spirometry system | At baseline |
| Maximal strength (1RM) | 1RM (kg) will be measured bilaterally on a horizontal leg press and seated chest press machine. | At baseline |
| Muscular endurance | Muscular endurance (repetitions) will be measured on a 1-min curl-up and push-up test. | At baseline |
| Functional capacity | Functional capacity will be assessed using a movement-based screening tool titled Functional Movement Screening (FMS). The FMS will be consisted of 7 movement tasks that will be scored from 0 to 3 points and the sum will create score ranging from 0 to 21 points (0 = pain with pattern regardless of quality, 1 = unable to perform pattern, 2 = able to perform pattern with compensation/imperfection, 3 = able to perform pattern as directed)Functional capacity will be assessed using a movement-based screening tool titled Functional Movement Screening (FMS). The FMS will be consisted of 7 movement tasks that will be scored from 0 to 3 points and the sum will create score ranging from 0 to 21 points (0 = pain with pattern regardless of quality, 1 = unable to perform pattern, 2 = able to perform pattern with compensation/imperfection, 3 = able to perform pattern as directed) | At baseline |