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The study aims at investigating if time to respiratory muscle fatigue and metabolism are influenced by the pressure wave form mode applied during resistive breathing.
In healthy subjects fitted with a nasogastric double balloon catheter and breathing at a resistance, the investigators will measure time to failure, Borg ratings, VO2, VCO2, flow, esophageal-, gastric- and airway-pressure. This will be done during breathing at either a square wave or triangle wave pressure waveform, in random order and trials separated by >two days. Further respiratory muscle fatigue will be investigated pre and post intervention by maximal esophageal pressure generation (voluntary and with cervical magnetic stimulation).
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Square wave breathing | Other | difference in time to failure from the two breathing modes |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Time to task failure (Tlim) | The time (s) from the subject starts to breathe under the experimental condition, and until task failure will be measured. Task failure is defied by either subject intolerance to continue or by lacking ability of the subject to maintain the target pressure and/or timing. From a previous publication (Bellemare and Grassino, JAP, 1982), it is estimated that subjects will reach Tlim between 30min to 1 hour. If breathing is continued after 1 hour, task failure will not happen as breathing can be continued indefinitely. | Up to two months between the two different breathing trials (randomized order) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Respiratory muscle pressures | Respiratory muscle pressure will be measured by esophageal and gastric pressure (in cmH2O) using a naso gastric catheter fitted with double balloons (Nutrivent) connected to a pressure sensor (ICU lab, KleisTek). | Up to two months between the two different breathing trials (randomized order) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mathias Krogh Poulsen | Recruiting | Aalborg | Danmark | 9220 | Denmark |
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| Tidal volume |
Tidal Volume (ml) will be measured with a flowsensor (Hans Rudolph) through a pressure box (ICU lab, KleisTek) |
| Up to two months between the two different breathing trials (randomized order) |
| Respiratory work | Work of breathing (j), will be calculated from outcome measure 2 and 9 (pressure (cmH2O) and insp. and expiratory time (s)). Measured with pressure box (ICU lab, KleisTek) | Up to two months between the two different breathing trials (randomized order) |
| Ratings of perceived exertion | Borg Dyspnea Scale, from 0-10 where 0 is no effort at all and 10 is maximal breathing effort. | Up to two months between the two different breathing trials (randomized order) |
| Metabolism | Energy expenditure calculated from VO2 (ml/min) nad VCO2 (ml/min) with e.g Weir equation. VO2 and VCO2 are measured with Beacon (Mermaid care). | Up to two months between the two different breathing trials (randomized order) |
| Respiratory rate | Respiratory rate (breaths/min) will be measured with a flowsensor (Hans Rudolph) through a pressure box (ICU lab, KleisTek) | Up to two months between the two different breathing trials (randomized order) |
| Minute ventilation | Minyte ventilation (l/min) will be measured with a flowsensor (Hans Rudolph) through a pressure box (ICU lab, KleisTek) | Up to two months between the two different breathing trials (randomized order) |
| Insp. and expiratory time | Insp. and expiratory time (s) will be measured with a flowsensor (Hans Rudolph) through a pressure box (ICU lab, KleisTek) | Up to two months between the two different breathing trials (randomized order) |