Evaluate the feasibility of implementing workplace opioid guidelines in the construction trades; define and collect measures of implementation and efficacy. The investigators will implement the intervention in three local union health funds, evaluate the implementation using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework, and collect the data needed to measure the efficacy of health changes due to implementation of the intervention (workplace opioid guidelines). This is only a feasibility trial in preparation for conducting an randomized control trial. For the efficacy trial, the investigators will measure pre-post health change using two data sources: 1) administrative health claims and electronic member work hours, and 2) worker/member surveys. To monitor implementation of the intervention, the investigators will measure changes made to the health funds opioid prevention program through qualitative interviews with the health fund manager and through worker surveys for worker awareness and use of the health fund program changes pre-post implementation. The efficacy outcomes for the administrative health (and pharmacy) claims and work hours record will measure opioid prescriptions, chronic opioid use, and OUD in health claims and pharmacy data (details below). The efficacy outcomes for the worker surveys will record changes in misuse of opioids, change in missed days/work productivity, change in attitudes toward seeking help if worker was struggling with opioid misuse, and awareness and use of health fund programs (i.e. employee assistance programs, healthcare recovery services). the investigators will collect data at baseline and and after 6 months for the study of implementation and efficacy (a pre/post design, one-arm trial).

We will recruit three health funds to implement the opioid guidelines. Participating health funds will receive an introduction to the intervention materials and will discuss guideline adoption procedures with the research team. In order to implement the workplace opioid guidelines (intervention), each participating health fund must agree to make changes to their health fund policies and to engage employers to change some of the workplace policies. In order to evaluate the guideline implementation, the health funds must participate in baseline, 6, and 12 month interviews to describe changes in their opioid policies and programs, distribute a survey link to their members, and provide access to their health claims, pharmacy data, and employee work hour records. Participating health funds will be asked to sign a partnership agreement form, as we have done in our past intervention studies with construction partners, to show their understanding of the project and their agreement to participate in all study activities and to provide data over the course of the implementation trial.

We will use the RE-AIM framework to assess the Reach, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance of the intervention in each participating health fund. Reach will assess workers' awareness of policies and benefits, Adoption will identify the new policies agreed to by the board of trustees for each health fund, Implementation will describe the strategies for enacting the adopted policies and programs, and the extent these strategies are implemented, and Maintenance will identify the continued delivery of implemented policies and programs. Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance will be assessed via periodic interviews with the health fund partners. Collection of health fund data on claims and work hours will show the feasibility of obtaining and using these data to evaluate effectiveness in the planned future study. Use of the RE-AIM framework will provide an evaluation of the extent to which the opioid guidelines are implemented, and describe barriers to implementation.

Data collection for the outcome measures will include worker surveys and health claims from the enrolled union health funds. We will analyze the data by measuring the pre-post change in the outcome measures. Participating health funds will provide access to construction workers to collect a cross-sectional sample of surveys at three points in time. We will ask our partners to distribute a link for a Redcap survey to a representative sample of their members (eligible workers) with a goal of at least 300 returned surveys per health fund at baseline. We will collect an additional 300 surveys at 6 months (and at 12 months if time allows) from each fund after initiating the intervention. We will attempt to oversample women and minorities, as they are less common in this worker population. The brief survey will ask about workers' knowledge of their health fund's benefits and policies, attitudes toward use of opioids by self and others, employment status, participation in union programs including EAP, and health-related productivity using widely used survey instruments. We will work with participating funds to obtain health claims and pharmacy data for all eligible union members for a period of at least 3 years prior to implementation of the intervention. From health claims, we will request data for demographics, dates of service, and diagnoses and procedure codes. From pharmacy data we will request the dates of prescription fill, drug name, days' supply, and fill quantity. From merged claims and pharmacy data we will identify relevant opioid use case definitions: workers who received opioid prescriptions, workers who misused opioids (defined as multiple prescriptions of opioids in a single visit, overlapping supply of opioids, early refills), workers who received chronic opioid prescriptions (classified as 60 day supply in a 90 day period), and workers with OUD (defined as a diagnostic code of F11, poisoning T40, or prescription for MAT). We will also work with the funds to obtain employee work hour records. Using the same unique identifier as the health claims data, we will link claims and pharmacy data to the weekly or monthly work hour logs, union eligibility status (active/retired/other), and employer. We will examine loss of employment or average work hours for those who remain employed among workers who meet or do not meet one of the opioid use case definitions. We will collect other administrative data including the number of visits to the employee assistance program (EAP), the number of workers who enrolled in recovery centers, and those filing for disability benefits to compare utilization of services by workers before and after the intervention.

We will measure the change from baseline (pre-) to 6 months (post-) and 12 months (post- if time allows). The outcome measures will be from claims data (pre-post change in opioid misuse, chronic opioid use, and opioid use disorders) and from surveys (opioid misuse, lost time due to pain, and worker willingness to seek help). For claims data, we will compare the prevalence of the outcomes from 3-year period prior to the intervention compared to the 6-months after start of the intervention (collected at 6-months). For survey data, we will compare the prevalence of the outcomes from cross-sectional data collected at baseline to cross-sectional data collected at 6-months after start of the intervention. We will collect surveys from 300 members of the population, representative of the characteristics of the population, at baseline and at 6-months (and 12months if time allows).

To learn about changes each participating health fund makes to their health and safety program from using the Opioid Guidelines, we will interview the health administrator at baseline, before starting the intervention, will meet monthly with the administrator to learn about changes to their program, and conduct a final assessment. We will explore what plans the health fund wants to make to reduce opioid abuse among their members, the steps they take toward implementing changes including their strategies and response to their actions. We will also document the barriers encountered while trying to make plans and take action for change.

Inclusion Criteria:

• members enrolled in union health funds

Exclusion Criteria:

• none.

The investigators plan to make the data from the worker surveys available to other researchers. The available data fill be de-identified surveys of a representative sample of union members from health funds collected at two time points on (1) pain and opioid use (2) missed days related to health and opioid use, (3) workers' knowledge of their health fund's benefits and policies, (4) self-reported use of benefits, and (5) attitudes toward use of opioids by self and others. This data will be made publicly available through the Helping to End Addiction Long-Term (HEAL) Initiative Central Data Repository. The investigators will work with the repository to prepare the data and accompanying instructions. The investigators have submitted the data for review as of 11/10/23.

The data is under review at the data sharing center as of 11/10/23. We anticipate the data will be available by March 2024. There is no expiration date.

The de-identified data has been shared with the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) group at the University of Michigan. There is no restrictions from the research team at Washington University. Any access criteria would be at the discretion of the ICPSR group.

The participants came from 2 health funds: from health fund A, there were 4881 members (4881 in the administrative dataset, and 69 from worker surveys); from health fund B, there were 58 members, (n=58 from worker surveys). The third health fund did not complete enrollment into the study.

1 year.

Primary data was collected through surveys but no identifiers were obtained. This study was considered minimal risk. The only way the researchers would learn about an adverse event is if the participating health fund shared this information.

Only two of the planned three health funds enrolled. Only one of the enrolled health funds provided administrative data but only for the 3-year period before the intervention (baseline). . Both of the enrolled health funds collected worker surveys at baseline but due to low participation, follow-up surveys were not collected. Only one of the health funds actively participated in implementing the intervention. High time demands, lack of access to data, and to members limited the study success.