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After 20 months of active enrollment and a lack of qualified/interested subjects, the Investigator, Meghan Spyres, MD, decided to terminate recruitment before meeting the stated enrollment objectives.
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This is a pilot study to evaluate pain responses from two different approved medications (ketamine and fentanyl) in the treatment of pain after rattlesnake envenomation (RSE). Both medications are currently used in standard practice to treat both acute and chronic pain and are options for pain management after RSE. Multiple studies exist showing ketamine to be both safe and effective for the treatment of acute pain, and to be as good as or better than opioids for this indication. The specific comparison of ketamine to fentanyl, however, has never been studied for the treatment of acute pain after rattlesnake envenomation in the United States. The investigators plan to measure pain scores after a single dose of ketamine or fentanyl in patients shortly after being envenomated, followed by continued treatment of pain guided by the treating doctor. There will be no restrictions on additional pain medications given and no other changes to the treatment of these patients during their hospitalization. This research is important because pain after RSE can be difficult to control and may require frequent, high doses of opioids for several days. An effective non-opioid medication would be helpful both to better-control pain and to reduce exposure to opioids in this patient population. This study will compare patient-reported pain scores after receiving a single dose of ketamine or fentanyl in patients with rattlesnake bites who have been admitted to the toxicology service at Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix (BUMCP).
Multiple studies have shown ketamine to be safe and effective agent for acute pain syndromes. RSEs classically result in severe pain that can be difficult to control, despite use of opioids, non-opioid analgesics, and positioning techniques, including splinting and elevation. Furthermore, the ongoing opioid epidemic pushes clinicians to explore non-opioid agents to avoid unnecessary exposure of patients to these high-risk medications. At least one small study has shown ketamine to be safe in rattlesnake envenomated patients.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fentanyl | Active Comparator | Drug administration: A single dose of fentanyl 1mcg/kg IV, maximum 100 mcg, over 15 minutes. Time drug given will be documented Data obtained prior to med administration and then following medication administration at intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes
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| Ketamine | Experimental | Drug administration: A single dose of ketamine 0.3 mg/kg IV over 15 minutes. Time drug given will be documented Data obtained prior to med administration and then following medication administration at intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ketamine | Drug | This study will compare patient-reported pain scores after receiving either ketamine or fentanyl for the treatment of acute pain due to a rattlesnake bite. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Pain Assessment Post Medication | Pain will be assessed using a numerical rating scale (0-10, with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain) at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after medication administration. | 30-120 minutes after drug administration |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Adverse Events | A subjects chart will be reviewed to determine whether rescue medication was needed or if there were any adverse medications effects | During hospitalization, up to 120 minutes |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Meghan Spyres, MD | University of Arizona | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Banner - University Medical Center, Phoenix campus | Phoenix | Arizona | 85006 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30019434 | Background | Karlow N, Schlaepfer CH, Stoll CRT, Doering M, Carpenter CR, Colditz GA, Motov S, Miller J, Schwarz ES. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Ketamine as an Alternative to Opioids for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department. Acad Emerg Med. 2018 Oct;25(10):1086-1097. doi: 10.1111/acem.13502. Epub 2018 Jul 17. | |
| 32891662 | Background |
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There is not a plan to make IPD available.
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Of the 3 enrolled participants, 3 met inclusion criteria and were randomized.
Participants were recruited from patients hospitalized with rattlesnake bites at Banner University Medical Center between 05/2022 and 01/2024. The first participant was enrolled on 06/20/2022, and the last was enrolled in 08/2022.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Fentanyl | Drug administration: A single dose of fentanyl 1mcg/kg IV, maximum 100 mcg, over 15 minutes. Time drug given will be documented Data obtained prior to med administration and then following medication administration at intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes
Fentanyl: This study will compare patient-reported pain scores after receiving either ketamine or fentanyl for the treatment of acute pain due to a rattlesnake bite. |
| FG001 | Ketamine | Drug administration: A single dose of ketamine 0.3 mg/kg IV over 15 minutes. Time drug given will be documented Data obtained prior to med administration and then following medication administration at intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes
Ketamine: This study will compare patient-reported pain scores after receiving either ketamine or fentanyl for the treatment of acute pain due to a rattlesnake bite. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Fentanyl | Drug administration: A single dose of fentanyl 1mcg/kg IV, maximum 100 mcg, over 15 minutes. Time drug given will be documented Data obtained prior to med administration and then following medication administration at intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes
Fentanyl: This study will compare patient-reported pain scores after receiving either ketamine or fentanyl for the treatment of acute pain due to a rattlesnake bite. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Pain Assessment Post Medication | Pain will be assessed using a numerical rating scale (0-10, with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain) at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after medication administration. | Note there was only 1 patient in the Ketamine group thus medians represent this single patient value, no range calculated. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | units on a scale | 30-120 minutes after drug administration |
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During hospitalization, up to 120 minutes.
A subjects chart will be reviewed to determine whether rescue medication was needed or if there were any adverse medications effects.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Fentanyl | Drug administration: A single dose of fentanyl 1mcg/kg IV, maximum 100 mcg, over 15 minutes. Time drug given will be documented Data obtained prior to med administration and then following medication administration at intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes
Fentanyl: This study will compare patient-reported pain scores after receiving either ketamine or fentanyl for the treatment of acute pain due to a rattlesnake bite. |
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Significant limitations were not reaching the target number of patients, extremely low enrollment resulted in termination.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jessica Winters | University of Arizona | 520-780-1882 | jwinters1@arizona.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | May 13, 2022 | Jan 22, 2024 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007649 | Ketamine |
| D005283 | Fentanyl |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003510 | Cyclohexanes |
| D003516 | Cycloparaffins |
| D006840 | Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic |
| D006844 | Hydrocarbons, Cyclic |
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Following enrollment, subject will be randomly assigned to receive either ketamine, or fentanyl. A randomization masterlist has been developed that will be used to assign drug. Subjects will be assigned in sequential order. Each block will alternate between each drug. Subjects will have 50/50 chance of being assigned to ketamine or fentanyl.
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The blinding of the subjects is done by the investigators which is the block randomization; each block will alternate between each drug ketamine or fentanyl. Subject will not be told which pain medication they will receive.
| Fentanyl | Drug | This study will compare patient-reported pain scores after receiving either ketamine or fentanyl for the treatment of acute pain due to a rattlesnake bite. |
|
| Brandehoff N, Benjamin JM, Balde C, Chippaux JP. Ketamine for pain control of snake envenomation in Guinea: A case series. Toxicon. 2020 Nov;187:82-85. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.020. Epub 2020 Sep 3. |
| 33098707 | Background | Balzer N, McLeod SL, Walsh C, Grewal K. Low-dose Ketamine For Acute Pain Control in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2021 Apr;28(4):444-454. doi: 10.1111/acem.14159. Epub 2021 Jan 2. |
| 24127709 | Background | Andolfatto G, Willman E, Joo D, Miller P, Wong WB, Koehn M, Dobson R, Angus E, Moadebi S. Intranasal ketamine for analgesia in the emergency department: a prospective observational series. Acad Emerg Med. 2013 Oct;20(10):1050-4. doi: 10.1111/acem.12229. |
| 11719741 | Background | Gallagher EJ, Liebman M, Bijur PE. Prospective validation of clinically important changes in pain severity measured on a visual analog scale. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Dec;38(6):633-8. doi: 10.1067/mem.2001.118863. |
| BG001 | Ketamine | Drug administration: A single dose of ketamine 0.3 mg/kg IV over 15 minutes. Time drug given will be documented Data obtained prior to med administration and then following medication administration at intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes
Ketamine: This study will compare patient-reported pain scores after receiving either ketamine or fentanyl for the treatment of acute pain due to a rattlesnake bite. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| OG001 | Ketamine | Drug administration: A single dose of ketamine 0.3 mg/kg IV over 15 minutes. Time drug given will be documented Data obtained prior to med administration and then following medication administration at intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes
Ketamine: This study will compare patient-reported pain scores after receiving either ketamine or fentanyl for the treatment of acute pain due to a rattlesnake bite. |
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| Secondary | Adverse Events | A subjects chart will be reviewed to determine whether rescue medication was needed or if there were any adverse medications effects | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | During hospitalization, up to 120 minutes |
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| 0 |
| 2 |
| 0 |
| 2 |
| 0 |
| 2 |
| EG001 | Ketamine | Drug administration: A single dose of ketamine 0.3 mg/kg IV over 15 minutes. Time drug given will be documented Data obtained prior to med administration and then following medication administration at intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes
Ketamine: This study will compare patient-reported pain scores after receiving either ketamine or fentanyl for the treatment of acute pain due to a rattlesnake bite. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
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| D006838 |
| Hydrocarbons |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D010880 | Piperidines |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |