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This experimental randomized, double-blind, and controlled study included fifteen young, healthy, and pain-free men and 15 age-matched women.
It lasted for three visits with at least one-week washout. Pain was experimentally induced, twice at each visit, with intramuscular injections of 0.2 mL hypertonic saline (5%), before and after intake of one of the different chocolate-types; white (30% cocoa-content), milk (34% cocoa-content), dark (70% cocoa-content). Pain duration, pain area, peak pain, and pressure pain threshold were assessed every fifth minute after each injection, between the time-points 5 to 30 min.
Prior to inclusion, all participants underwent an examination in a dental chair. This included a clinical examination of the orofacial region according to the Diagnostic Criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) by a blinded examiner. Participants were also examined regarding their psychosocial status prior to inclusion, this included depression, somatization, anxiety, pain catastrophizing and stress.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dark Chocolate | Active Comparator |
| |
| Milk Chocolate | Active Comparator |
| |
| White Chocolate | Active Comparator |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| before - hypertonic saline 5% | Other | pain was induced by intramuscular injections of hypertonic saline (5%) |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in pain intensity by intake of chocolate | Pain intensity will be assssed using a 0-100 visual analoge scale (0-no pain; 100-worst pain ever experienced) | 5 min after injection of hypertonic saline |
| Change in peak pain intensity before and after intake of chocolate | Peak pain intensity will be asessed from the 0-100 visual analoge scale (0-no pain; 100-worst pain ever experienced) | 5 min after injection of hypertonic saline |
| Change in pain duration by intake of chocolate | Pain duration is assessed in seconds. | Pain duration up to 300 seconds after injection of hypertonic saline |
| Change in pain area by intake of chocolate | Pain area will be marked on lateral charts of the head before and after intake of chocolate and measured in au. | Pain area is marked 5 min after injection of hypertonic saline |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in pressure pain threshold by intake of chocolate | Pressure pain thresholds are assessed using a digital algometer over the area of injection in the masseter muscle with a pressure rate of 30kPa/s. | Pressure pain thresholds are assessed 5 min after injection of hypertonic saline |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karolinska Institutet, Department of Dental Medicine | Huddinge | 141 04 | Sweden |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37224109 | Derived | Hajati A, Brondani M, Angerstig L, Klein V, Liljeblad L, Al-Moraissi EA, Louca Jounger S, Brondani B, Christidis N. Chocolate intake and muscle pain sensation: A randomized experimental study. PLoS One. 2023 May 24;18(5):e0284769. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284769. eCollection 2023. |
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Data will be shared with other researchers upon request from any of the authors
After publication and up to 20 years after publication
Data will be shared with other researchers upon request from any of the authors
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D063806 | Myalgia |
| D013705 | Temporomandibular Joint Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D009468 | Neuromuscular Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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The chocolate given to the participant was of a different concentration of cocoa, distributed in a randomized and double-blinded order. The participants where given the chocolate with their eyes closed. A non-blinded examiner fed the chocolate to the participant at each clinical trial, while a blinded examiner did the assessments. The different types of chocolates were given at three different visits to all participants with at least one week of washout in between. To randomize the order in which the chocolates were given to each participant, an internet-based site was used (www.randomization.com; Seed 19525). The randomization was done in five blocks of six participants each, by a researcher who did not participate in the data collection
| after - hypertonic saline 5% | Other | pain was induced by intramuscular injections of hypertonic saline (5%) |
|
| D059352 | Musculoskeletal Pain |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D017271 | Craniomandibular Disorders |
| D008336 | Mandibular Diseases |
| D007571 | Jaw Diseases |
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D009057 | Stomatognathic Diseases |