The fight against bacteria is one of the greatest challenges faced by societies, especially with the spread of multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The failure to stop the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is due to a lack of fast detection methods and proper strategies.

Novel, rapid and reliable detection and characterization tests are an urgent need for differentiating between bacterial and viral infections and identifying AMR, so that the most appropriate treatment can be given in a timely manner.

AMR-DetecTool or NG Detectool is a detection system for the direct detection of AMR in clinical samples. The clinical sample is directly processed and a result indicating if the bacteria are resistant to the most relevant antibiotics is immediately shown.

It allows for a dramatic reduction in the treatment decision time upon sample reception from 24 hours (current workflow) to 15-30 minutes.

The fight against bacteria is one of the greatest challenges faced by societies, especially with the spread of multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Among these, the increasing rate of infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae that produce broad-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases is a major concern worldwide. Moreover, vancomycin-resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolates is becoming a cause of concern in European countries regardless of the geographical location. This increase is due to several factors:

1. Inappropriate use of antibiotics
2. Too late isolation of the carriers
3. Lack of institutional / hospital level strategies to fight antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
4. High transfer abilities due to plasmid-encoded resistance genes The failure to stop the spread of AMR is due to a lack of fast detection methods and proper strategies. Rapid detection and rapid characterization tests are an urgent need. European One Health Action Plan against AMR (2017) states that novel, rapid and reliable diagnostics are crucial for differentiating between bacterial and viral infections and identifying AMR, so that the most appropriate treatment can be given in a timely manner.

AMR-DetecTool or NG Detectool is a detection system for the direct detection of β-lactamases and carbapenemases in clinical samples. It allows for a dramatic reduction in the treatment decision time upon sample reception from 24 hours (current workflow) to 15-30 minutes. When a clinical sample with infection suspicion is received at the microbiology laboratory, the techniques used to determine which the appropriate antibiotic is needed require the sample to be cultured for 16h-24h. Thanks to the DetecTool the culturing step is avoided as the sample is directly processed and a result indicating if the bacteria are resistant to the most relevant antibiotics is immediately shown.

will be performed in parallel to routine testing on appropriate material of selected samples. No additional samples need to be requested to the participants.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patient ≥ 18 years-old
• Informed patient and non-opposition received
• Patients matching with at least one of the following situations:
• With a positive blood culture by Gram-staining. Germ must be identified as a Gram-negative bacteria or a Gram-positive cocci in chain (with a special focus on known Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) carrier)
• With an urinary tract infection >104 leukocytes and positive for bacteria (Gram stain or cytometry)
• High-risk (HR) patient for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) carriage (repatriated patients, tourist returning from endemic country, patients coming from an endemic hospital (same country), contact patient, former carrier, and local HR patients (Long-Term Care Facility (LTCF), etc…)) who have been sampled a rectal swab for routine testing
• With a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or tracheal aspirate (TA) sample and diagnosed as carrier of any of the targeted resistance genes (10-35% chance to develop a Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with the MDR bacteria)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patient participation refusal
• Patient subject to judicial protection measure, under tutorship or curatorship
• Patient not-speaking the language spoken in the country of inclusion and without accompanying translator
• Any different sample from the above 4 mentioned one Pregnant women are not excluded to this non-interventional study, as the study does not result in any change in the standard care received by the participant.

Adult patient with positive bacterial detection and hospitalized in one of the following wards:

• Medical ICU
• Surgical ICU
• Infectious disease unit
• Nephrology unit
• Urology unit