specific rehabilitation exercise for improving postural balance

The virtual reality skateboard training (VR-skate) is used treadmill-based training. Virtual reality system is integrated into the split-belt treadmill for VR-skate. Participants slide the swing leg (sliding leg) along with the moving treadmill belt at a comfortable speed (same as walking speed).

The postural balance measurements are performed by using a force platform. The data from the force platform is used to calculate the mean velocity (unit: cm/s), mean distance (unit: cm), mean frequency (unit: Hz), and 95% confidence ellipse area (unit: cm^2)

Functional assessment is a process that allows for the identification of disability. The data from the functional assessment is used to calculate walking speed (unit: m/s), walking distance (unit: m), and duration (unit: s).

Electromyography is a technique for evaluating and recording muscle activity. The data from electromyography is used to calculate a normalized value (unit: ratio).

A motion capture system is used to measure the joint kinematics. The data is used to calculate joint angles (unit: degree) and the displacement of the center of mass (unit: cm).

The Lumbar Cobb angle is a measure of the curvature in the lower spine, determined from X-ray images by assessing the angle between the most tilted vertebrae (unit: degree)

Body composition was evaluated utilizing the bioelectrical impedance analysis technique. The primary parameters assessed encompassed body fat percentage, visceral fat area, lean muscle mass of the trunk, and the average muscle mass of the lower extremities (unit: percentage %) .