We will use Hemocue Hb301 machines to measure hemoglobin levels in children in order to determine anemia prevalence using the WHO cut-offs: mild 10 ≤ hb < 11 g/dl; moderate 7 ≤ hb < 10 d/dl and severe hb < 7 g/dl. A finger prick will be used to obtain a drop of capillary blood that is placed on a cuvette and inserted in the Hemocue machine to obtain an on-the-spot assessment of hemoglobin levels. The change in child anemia prevalence between baseline and endline will be examined (calculated as endline-baseline/baseline*100).

The WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators will be used to assess feeding practices. Mothers will be asked about feeding practices as part of the household surveys. The indicators include: ever breastfed, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed for the first two days after birth, bottle feeding 0-23 months, continued breastfeeding 12-23 months, introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months, egg and/or flesh food consumption, sweet beverage consumption, unhealthy food consumption, and zero vegetable or fruit. The proportion of children being fed according to the detailed descriptions of these indicators will be assessed based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator manual.

IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions will be assessed using survey questions based on the components of the intervention. Both mothers and fathers will be asked the survey questions as part of the household survey. The questions are grounded in the theory of planned behavior and based on previously published IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions questions. The questions have been pilot tested by the project PI.

Minimum meal frequency of (semi) solid or soft foods is assessed by examining the proportion of young children consuming foods: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months)

The proportion of young children consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables)

The percent change (calculated as endline-baseline/baseline) in the frequency of consuming specific foods targeted in the intervention over the course of the previous week (7 days) will be assessed between baseline and endline. More specifically, the number of times that the following foods have been consumed will be assessed: animal source foods, leafy greens, orange colored fruits and vegetables, thick porridge, porridge mixed with nutrient-rich foods, sweets and sugary drinks, fried foods.

The change in percentage of children being fed according to the recommended IYCF practices between baseline and endline. The WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators will be used to assess feeding practices. Mothers will be asked about feeding practices as part of the household surveys. The indicators include: ever breastfed, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed for the first two days after birth, bottle feeding 0-23 months, continued breastfeeding 12-23 months, introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months, egg and/or flesh food consumption, sweet beverage consumption, unhealthy food consumption, and zero vegetable or fruit.

The change in the percentage of children meeting the minimum meal frequency (MMF) indicator between baseline and endline will be assessed. Minimum meal frequency of (semi) solid or soft foods is assessed by examining the proportion of young children consuming foods: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months.

The change in the percentage of young children consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) between baseline and endline.

The change in percentage of mothers/fathers with specific IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions between baseline and endline will be assessed using survey questions based on the components of the intervention. Mothers will be asked the survey questions as part of the household survey. The questions are grounded in the theory of planned behavior and based on previously published IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions questions.

Total of all reporting groups

Age of mother included in triad

These numbers solely include the mothers in the triads.

Age of father included in triad

Few of the fathers included in the triad were available (because they were working in farming fields or working outside the household in other occupations) to complete the surveys asking about their infant and young child feeding knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. However, these fathers still received the intervention (if in the experimental group).

Sex of child included in triad

The different rows present the sex of children participants, mother participants, and father participants.

Ethnicity of triad. Data were collected at the triad household level. We did not collect data separately for mothers, fathers, and child.

Ethnicity was measured at the triad/household level. We only report ethnicity for the triad and not for children, mother, and father participants separately.

Region of the triad. Data were collected at the triad household level. We did not collect data separately for mothers, fathers, and child. All participants are from Senegal.

Data were captured at the triad level.

This is a measure of the child's mother's highest level of education completed.

This measure was only for mothers included in the study (n=205 in control; n=283 in experimental group)

Hemocue Hb301 machines to measure hemoglobin levels in children in order to determine anemia prevalence using the WHO cut-offs: mild 10 ≤ hb < 11 g/dl; moderate 7 ≤ hb < 10 d/dl and severe hb < 7 g/dl. A finger prick will be used to obtain a drop of capillary blood that is placed on a cuvette and inserted in the Hemocue machine to obtain an on-the-spot assessment of hemoglobin levels.

A small number of children did not have hemoglobin measurements due to not wanting to have finger pricks or not being present for measurement.

A list-based recall will be used to assess dietary intake over the previous day. The 24-hour recall will be used to calculate minimum dietary diversity (MDD) (consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups and minimum meal frequency (MMF) (2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months). Children who meet the thresholds for both MDD and MMF are defined as consuming a MAD, based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator.

This measure was only for child participants

A 24-hour open dietary recall will be conducted with mothers to assess their child's dietary intake over the previous day. The 24-hour recall will be used to calculate the mean number of food groups (out of 8) consumed by the child over the previous day. Food groups include: breastmilk, grains, roots and tubers and plantains; pulses, nuts and seeds; dairy products; flesh foods; eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables.

We had missing data for one child

Minimum meal frequency (MMF) is calculated based on the number of times the child is fed over the course of the day in night in the 24-hour dietary recall. Minimum meal frequency is met if the child is fed: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8.9 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23.9 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23.9 months.

This measure is for children participants only.

Children 0-23 months of age who were fed from a bottle with a nipple during the previous day based on WHO IYCF indicators.

This measure is for children participants only.

Children 6-23 months of age who consumed egg and/or flesh food during the previous day.

This measure is for children participants only.

Children 6-23 months of age who consumed a sweet beverage during the previous day.

This measure is for children participants only.

Children 6-23 months of age who consumed selected sentinel unhealthy foods during the previous day. Unhealthy foods are defined based on the WHO IYCF indicator and includes: Selected sentinel unhealthy foods are:

• Candies, chocolate and other sugar confections
• Frozen treats like ice cream, gelato, sherbet, sorbet, popsicles or similar confections.
• Cakes, pastries, sweet biscuits and other baked or fried confections
• Chips, crisps, cheese puffs, French fries, fried dough, instant noodles and similar items

This measure is for children participants only.

Children 6-23 months of age who did not consume any vegetables or fruits during the previous day.

This measure is for children participants only.

The number of times the child has consumed orange fleshed fruits and/or vegetables over previous 7 days

This measure is for children participants only.

The number of times the child has consumed animal-source foods over the past 7 days

This measure is for children participants only.

The number of times the child has consumed leafy greens over the past 7 days

This measure is for children participants only.

The number of times the child consumed thick porridge over the past 7 days

This measure is for children participants only.

The number of times the child was fed porridge mixed with other nutrient-rich foods over the past 7 days

This measure is for children participants only.

The number of times the child consumed sugary foods over the past 7 days

This measure is for children participants only.

The number of times the child was fed fried foods over the past 7 days

This measure is for children participants only.

Mother's beliefs about whether they should feed their young children leafy greens, animal-source foods, multiple times per day, orange fleshed fruits and vegetables (vitamin A rich), limiting sweets, providing clear or liquid porridge, handwashing, continuing to breastfeed after 6 months, and feeding the child a variety of foods at each meal. Scale is: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree.

This measure is for mother participants only.

Measure Description: Father's beliefs about whether they should feed their young children leafy greens, animal-source foods, multiple times per day, orange fleshed fruits and vegetables (vitamin A rich), limiting sweets, providing clear or liquid porridge, handwashing, continuing to breastfeed after 6 months, and feeding the child a variety of foods at each meal. Scale is: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree

Few of the fathers included in the triad were available (because they were working in farming fields or working outside the household in other occupations) to complete the surveys asking about their infant and young child feeding knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. However, these fathers still received the intervention (if in the experimental group).

The control group will not receive any intervention. After the endline data collection is completed, the intervention will be delivered to the control group.

The voice messaging intervention group will receive voice/text messages for a period of 16 weeks.

Infant and young child feeding voice messaging intervention: A mobile voice and text messaging intervention aimed at improving IYCF practices will be delivered to mothers and fathers with young children (6-23 months). A total of 16 voice and text message, with the same content, will be sent over a 16-week period (1 voice + 1 text messages (with same content) per week x 16 weeks). Two types of messages will be included: 1) eight scripted and 2) eight unscripted messages from positive deviants. The content of the messages include: breastfeeding until two years of age, consuming a variety of foods within a given meal, the consistency of porridge (thick rather than thin), limiting sweets and fried foods, the importance of animal source foods, consuming vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, consuming leafy greens, handwashing and feeding infants and young children fruits and vegetables produced by the household.

Hemocue Hb301 machines to measure hemoglobin levels in children in order to determine anemia prevalence using the WHO cut-offs: mild 10 ≤ hb < 11 g/dl; moderate 7 ≤ hb < 10 d/dl and severe hb < 7 g/dl. A finger prick will be used to obtain a drop of capillary blood that is placed on a cuvette and inserted in the Hemocue machine to obtain an on-the-spot assessment of hemoglobin levels.

Children in both control and intervention group post intervention implementation. The number of children included in the sample is smaller than the participant flow module given that not all children completed the hemoglobin measurement due to not consenting to it or because the child was not present at the time of data collection.

The change in percentage of children meeting the minimum acceptable diet indicator between baseline and endline will be used to assess diet quality in children. A list-based recall will be used to assess dietary intake over the previous day. The 24-hour recall will be used to calculate minimum dietary diversity (MDD) (consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) and minimum meal frequency (MMF) (2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months). Children who meet the thresholds for both MDD and MMF are defined as consuming a MAD, based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator.

Analysis of children in control and intervention group, post-intervention implementation.

We will use Hemocue Hb301 machines to measure hemoglobin levels in children in order to determine anemia prevalence using the WHO cut-offs: mild 10 ≤ hb < 11 g/dl; moderate 7 ≤ hb < 10 d/dl and severe hb < 7 g/dl. A finger prick will be used to obtain a drop of capillary blood that is placed on a cuvette and inserted in the Hemocue machine to obtain an on-the-spot assessment of hemoglobin levels. The change in child anemia prevalence between baseline and endline will be examined (calculated as endline-baseline/baseline*100).

Children in control and intervention group, post-intervention implementation

The frequency of the child consuming specific foods targeted in the intervention over the course of the previous week (7 days) will be assessed. More specifically, the number of times that the following foods have been consumed will be assessed: animal source foods, leafy greens, orange colored fruits and vegetables, thick porridge, porridge mixed with nutrient-rich foods, sweets and sugary drinks, fried foods.

We have some missing data for children at endline.

The WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators will be used to assess feeding practices. Mothers will be asked about feeding practices as part of the household surveys. The indicators include: ever breastfed, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed for the first two days after birth, bottle feeding 0-23 months, continued breastfeeding 12-23 months, introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months, egg and/or flesh food consumption, sweet beverage consumption, unhealthy food consumption, and zero vegetable or fruit. The proportion of children being fed according to the detailed descriptions of these indicators will be assessed based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator manual.

We have missing data for some children at endline leading to a smaller sample size

IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions will be assessed using survey questions based on the components of the intervention. Both mothers and fathers will be asked the survey questions as part of the household survey. The questions are grounded in the theory of planned behavior and based on previously published IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions questions. The questions have been pilot tested by the project PI.

We report the mothers' and fathers' beliefs related to infant and young child feeding practices. There is some missing data which is why we have a smaller sample size. For fathers, very few were present to participate in survey questions. However, fathers in experimental group still received the intervention if they did not participate in the survey.

Minimum meal frequency of (semi) solid or soft foods is assessed by examining the proportion of young children consuming foods: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months)

The proportion of young children consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables)

Population includes children in the study. We had missing data for some children at endline, which is the reason for the smaller sample size

The percent change (calculated as endline-baseline/baseline) in the frequency of consuming specific foods targeted in the intervention over the course of the previous week (7 days) will be assessed between baseline and endline. More specifically, the number of times that the following foods have been consumed will be assessed: animal source foods, leafy greens, orange colored fruits and vegetables, thick porridge, porridge mixed with nutrient-rich foods, sweets and sugary drinks, fried foods.

We have missing data for some variables, which is why there are smaller numbers. In addition, we had participants who consumed 0 servings at baseline which led to this variable not being able to be calculated for them.

The change in percentage of children being fed according to the recommended IYCF practices between baseline and endline. The WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators will be used to assess feeding practices. Mothers will be asked about feeding practices as part of the household surveys. The indicators include: ever breastfed, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed for the first two days after birth, bottle feeding 0-23 months, continued breastfeeding 12-23 months, introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months, egg and/or flesh food consumption, sweet beverage consumption, unhealthy food consumption, and zero vegetable or fruit.

We have some missing data. In these cases, the sample size is lower than the total sample.

The change in the percentage of children meeting the minimum meal frequency (MMF) indicator between baseline and endline will be assessed. Minimum meal frequency of (semi) solid or soft foods is assessed by examining the proportion of young children consuming foods: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months.

The change in the percentage of young children consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) between baseline and endline.

We have some missing data for some children. Numbers reported are for endline time point.

The change in percentage of mothers/fathers with specific IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions between baseline and endline will be assessed using survey questions based on the components of the intervention. Mothers will be asked the survey questions as part of the household survey. The questions are grounded in the theory of planned behavior and based on previously published IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions questions.

Mother's of children included in study sample. We have some missing data related to mother's IYCF beliefs. For this reason, the sample size is smaller than the whole sample.

The control group will not receive any intervention. After the endline data collection is completed, the intervention will be delivered to the control group. This group includes the mother participants.

The control group will not receive any intervention. After the endline data collection is completed, the intervention will be delivered to the control group. This group includes the father participants.

The voice messaging intervention group will receive voice/text messages for a period of 16 weeks.

Infant and young child feeding voice messaging intervention: A mobile voice and text messaging intervention aimed at improving IYCF practices will be delivered to mothers and fathers with young children (6-23 months). A total of 16 voice and text message, with the same content, will be sent over a 16-week period (1 voice + 1 text messages (with same content) per week x 16 weeks). Two types of messages will be included: 1) eight scripted and 2) eight unscripted messages from positive deviants. The content of the messages include: breastfeeding until two years of age, consuming a variety of foods within a given meal, the consistency of porridge (thick rather than thin), limiting sweets and fried foods, the importance of animal source foods, consuming vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, consuming leafy greens, handwashing and feeding infants and young children fruits and vegetables produced by the household. This group includes the children participants.

The voice messaging intervention group will receive voice/text messages for a period of 16 weeks.

Infant and young child feeding voice messaging intervention: A mobile voice and text messaging intervention aimed at improving IYCF practices will be delivered to mothers and fathers with young children (6-23 months). A total of 16 voice and text message, with the same content, will be sent over a 16-week period (1 voice + 1 text messages (with same content) per week x 16 weeks). Two types of messages will be included: 1) eight scripted and 2) eight unscripted messages from positive deviants. The content of the messages include: breastfeeding until two years of age, consuming a variety of foods within a given meal, the consistency of porridge (thick rather than thin), limiting sweets and fried foods, the importance of animal source foods, consuming vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, consuming leafy greens, handwashing and feeding infants and young children fruits and vegetables produced by the household. This group includes the mother participants.

The voice messaging intervention group will receive voice/text messages for a period of 16 weeks.

Infant and young child feeding voice messaging intervention: A mobile voice and text messaging intervention aimed at improving IYCF practices will be delivered to mothers and fathers with young children (6-23 months). A total of 16 voice and text message, with the same content, will be sent over a 16-week period (1 voice + 1 text messages (with same content) per week x 16 weeks). Two types of messages will be included: 1) eight scripted and 2) eight unscripted messages from positive deviants. The content of the messages include: breastfeeding until two years of age, consuming a variety of foods within a given meal, the consistency of porridge (thick rather than thin), limiting sweets and fried foods, the importance of animal source foods, consuming vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, consuming leafy greens, handwashing and feeding infants and young children fruits and vegetables produced by the household. This group includes the father participants.