The purpose of subproject 1 is to evaluate the accuracy of a nerve excitability protocol in healthy subjects before testing the protocol in diabetic neuropathy patients. The nerve excitability protocol has been derived by computational modeling to identify abnormalities of three subtypes of ion voltage-gated channels. These three ion channels are all altered in animal models of diabetic neuropathy and, therefore, are likely candidates for generating the altered excitability in diabetic neuropathy patients. The hypothesis for subproject 1 is that due to the unique dynamics of each subtype of voltage-gated ion channels, it is possible to identify abnormal voltage-gated ion channel alterations by altering the shape of the electrical stimulation.

Inclusion Criteria: Healthy men and women in the age 18-80 years who speak and understand English.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnancy or breast feeding
• Drug addiction defined as the use of cannabis, opioids or other drugs
• Previous and present neurologic, musculoskeletal or mental illnesses (e.g., epilepsy, neuropathy, fibromyalgia and depression)
• Skin diseases
• Past history of conditions possibly leading to neuropathy
• Inability to cooperate
• Current use of medications that may affect the study, e.g., analgesics
• Previous traumatic experience of an electrical accident
• Consumption of alcohol or painkillers within the last 24 hours
• Participation in other pain studies throughout the study period
• Patients with cardiac diseases (e.g., pacemaker).