To assess the efficacy of the REST model in facilitating adoption and sustained use of CGM, in older adults with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) or Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) on complex insulin regimens. To examine barriers and enablers for the implementation feasibility of the REST intervention model using a mixed-methods approach. To assess the impact of REST model on economic factors and quality of life measures. The goal of this study is to facilitate the adoption of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in older adults (≥65 years) with diabetes mellitus (DM) on complex insulin regimens, and additionally, to build a framework for sustained CGM use over time using a novel patient-centered model - the REST model.

Older adults with diabetes on multiple insulin injections are at greater risk of hypoglycemia and its poor outcomes. Use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has shown to improve glycemic control and reduce hypoglycemia in this age group. Despite Medicare coverage for CGM, uptake in this age group is still low. The goal of this study is to facilitate the adoption of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in older adults (≥65 years) with diabetes mellitus (DM) on complex insulin regimens, and additionally, to build a framework for sustained CGM use over time using a novel patient-centered model - the REST model. This model will assess Readiness and barriers to CGM initiation and utilization, provide remote Education, and implement a framework for Sustainability of CGM Technology adoption. The study will assess the impact of the REST model and its ability to increase CGM uptake and use in this age group, as well as its effectiveness on improving glycemic metrics. The study will also evaluate the impact of the REST model on economic and health-related quality-of-life measures.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Older adults age ≥65 years
• T1D or T2D with duration longer than 1 year
• Insulin treatment includes: ≥3 insulin injections/day or on insulin pump therapy
• CGM naïve and/or CGM users (Dexcom G6) who are not meeting glycemic goals (per

CGM metrics):

• ≥4% hypoglycemia (sensor glucose ≤70 mg/dL) or
• time in range (70-180 mg/dL) TIR ≤40 %
• Willing to wear CGM Dexcom at all times while in the study
• Willing to use/carry personal or loaned smart phone device to use as Dexcom receiver for continual data upload to cloud

Exclusion Criteria:

• Life expectancy <1 year
• End-stage renal disease (eGFR< 30ml/min)
• On acetaminophen >4 gr/day due to interference with Dexcom G6 sensor readings
• On hydroxyurea therapy due to interference with Dexcom G6 sensor readings
• Impaired vision and hearing which would interfere with participation in remote video visits
• Use of hybrid closed-loop systems (this may require different and additional focused education and will not be addressed in this study).

Individual participant data that underlie the results reported in the article, after deidentification (text, tables, figures, and appendices) will be shared to Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal, to achieve the aims in the approved proposal.

Start 6 months after publication and end 5 years after publication

Proposals should be directed to elena.toschi@joslin.harvard.edu. To gain access, data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement.