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The aim of this study; To evaluate the effect of hot application on postlaparoscopic shoulder pain and analgesic use in patients undergoing upper laparoscopic surgery in general surgery.
Among the advantages of laparoscopic surgery; smaller incisions, less postoperative pain, less need for analgesia, shorter hospital stay, earlier return to normal activities and lower morbidity. However, laparoscopic surgery is associated with postoperative shoulder pain, which is rarely seen in open surgeries. The precise mechanism of postlaparoscopic shoulder pain (PLOA) is unclear, but it is believed that the carbon dioxide remaining after laparoscopic surgery causes shoulder pain by causing irritation of the phrenic nerve. In some cases, PLOA may cause more discomfort to the patient than incisional pain.
Hot application is an effective method used to relieve pain. Hot application activates the gate control mechanism, stimulating tactile receptors, reducing ischemic pain with vasodilation, removing metabolic wastes, increasing the release of endorphins, eliminating muscle spasm, reducing effects such as pressure, stretching and hypoxia on nerve endings as a result of changes in the viscoelastic properties of tissues, raising the pain threshold, It reduces or relieves pain by sedating and creating relief in the patient.
Hot application is easy to use, inexpensive, requires no prior application, and has minimal adverse side effects when used correctly. Heat sources include a hot water heater, an electric heating pad, a warm blanket, and a warm bath or shower. In addition to being used as a pain reliever, heat is used to relieve chills or shivering, reduce joint stiffness, reduce muscle spasm, and increase connective tissue extensibility.
In the study of Mohamed et al., in which they examined the effect of hot application and early mobilization on shoulder pain, in the experimental group patients who received hot application; Postoperative shoulder pain was found to be significantly less than the control group at different evaluation times at 4 hours after surgery and at 6, 12 and 24 hours (p<0.001).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hot application | Experimental | After the patients come to the service after the surgery, a thermophore filled with hot water will be placed on the patient's shoulder according to the presence of shoulder pain and it will be ensured that he stays for 15 minutes. Pain assessment will be done before and after the application. However, 0-2-4-8-12-24. Routine pain assessment will be done at In addition, the type, route, effect and amount of analgesic done in this process will also be recorded. Response evaluation will follow. Response evaluation will follow. Hot application will be applied to every shoulder pain reported by the patients. |
|
| control group | No Intervention | First, an individual information form will be filled in for the control group patients who meet the sampling criteria. 0-2-4-8-12-24 after the patients come to the service after the surgery. Routine pain assessment will be done at In addition, the type, route, effect and amount of analgesic done in this process will also be recorded. Response evaluation will follow. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hot application | Other | a thermophore filled with hot water will be placed on the patient's shoulder according to the presence of shoulder pain and it will be ensured that he stays for 15 minutes. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| change of pain | Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NRS) The form used by Williamson & Hoggart (2005) to assess pain, patients will be asked to select a number from 0 to 10 that best describes their current pain. 0 means no pain and 10 means severe pain. It will be scored as no pain (0), mild pain (1-3), moderate (4-7) and severe pain (8-10). | 24 hours |
| analgesic consumption | analgesic consumption form | 24 hours |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tarsus Universty | Mersin | Tarsus | 33400 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1826624 | Background | Grace PA, Quereshi A, Coleman J, Keane R, McEntee G, Broe P, Osborne H, Bouchier-Hayes D. Reduced postoperative hospitalization after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 1991 Feb;78(2):160-2. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800780209. | |
| 1669397 | Background | Valla JS, Limonne B, Valla V, Montupet P, Daoud N, Grinda A, Chavrier Y. Laparoscopic appendectomy in children: report of 465 cases. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1991 Sep;1(3):166-72. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Heating pads and early mobilization for reducing postoperative shoulder pain and enhancing recovery of women undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery | View source |
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Results about the effect of hot application on pain and analgesic use will be shared. however, personal information will not be shared.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020069 | Shoulder Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D018771 | Arthralgia |
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D010146 | Pain |
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| 19588344 | Background | Nieboer TE, Johnson N, Lethaby A, Tavender E, Curr E, Garry R, van Voorst S, Mol BW, Kluivers KB. Surgical approach to hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD003677. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003677.pub4. |
| 23392233 | Background | Gerbershagen HJ, Aduckathil S, van Wijck AJ, Peelen LM, Kalkman CJ, Meissner W. Pain intensity on the first day after surgery: a prospective cohort study comparing 179 surgical procedures. Anesthesiology. 2013 Apr;118(4):934-44. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31828866b3. |
| 10227938 | Background | Mouton WG, Bessell JR, Otten KT, Maddern GJ. Pain after laparoscopy. Surg Endosc. 1999 May;13(5):445-8. doi: 10.1007/s004649901011. |
| 8010427 | Background | Fredman B, Jedeikin R, Olsfanger D, Flor P, Gruzman A. Residual pneumoperitoneum: a cause of postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg. 1994 Jul;79(1):152-4. |
| 8771319 | Background | Cason CL, Seidel SL, Bushmiaer M. Recovery from laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures. AORN J. 1996 Jun;63(6):1099-103, 1106-8, 1111-2 passim. doi: 10.1016/s0001-2092(06)63296-1. |
| 1341550 | Background | Madsen MR, Jensen KE. Postoperative pain and nausea after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1992 Dec;2(4):303-5. |
| 2952160 | Background | Dobbs FF, Kumar V, Alexander JI, Hull MG. Pain after laparoscopy related to posture and ring versus clip sterilization. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987 Mar;94(3):262-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1987.tb02365.x. |
| 8694166 | Background | Jackson SA, Laurence AS, Hill JC. Does post-laparoscopy pain relate to residual carbon dioxide? Anaesthesia. 1996 May;51(5):485-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07798.x. |
| 20701547 | Background | Kandil TS, El Hefnawy E. Shoulder pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: factors affecting the incidence and severity. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2010 Oct;20(8):677-82. doi: 10.1089/lap.2010.0112. |
| 28643053 | Background | Lee DH, Song T, Kim KH, Lee KW. Incidence, natural course, and characteristics of postlaparoscopic shoulder pain. Surg Endosc. 2018 Jan;32(1):160-165. doi: 10.1007/s00464-017-5651-5. Epub 2017 Jun 22. |
| 34248341 | Background | Li X, Li K. Time Characteristics of Shoulder Pain after Laparoscopic Surgery. JSLS. 2021 Apr-Jun;25(2):e2021.00027. doi: 10.4293/JSLS.2021.00027. |
| Ağrı kontrolünde farmakolojik olmayan yöntemler | View source |
| D009461 |
| Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |