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Epidural analgesia for abdominal surgeries provides numerous advantages for both neonates and children. The anatomical identification of the intervertebral space to access the epidural space is not constantly easy this is due uncertainty of the direction of the needle angle and the difficulty to estimate the epidural depth in spite of the skill of the operator. This can lead to more puncture attempts, inducing more pain or discomfort and even failure of epidural access.
Pre-procedure neuraxial ultrasound (US) imaging facilities the identification of the chosen intervertebral space, the depth of the epidural space and so the selection of best point and angle for the needle insertion
The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of prepuncture ultrasonography to facilitate epidural block in pediatric patients undergoing elective urological operations compared with the conventional anatomical landmark technique
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| palpation group | No Intervention | In lateral decubitus position, the conventional palpation technique will be used to detect the epidural space. The midline will be identified by palpation of the spinous processes. Through the Tuffier's line, L5 spine then, the two intervertebral spaces (L3-4 and L2-3) will be detected and the middle of each intervertebral space will be marked with selection of the widest space. After sterilization of the patient's skin the needle will be inserted to detect the epidural space by using loss of resistance to saline | |
| Ultrasonography group | Experimental | In lateral decubitus position, a curved array probe will be utilized to scan the sacrum in the longitudinal paramedian plane, then the probe will be moved upwards to detect the L5-S1, L4-5, L3-4 and L2-3 intervertebral spaces then turned 90º to the transverse plane and used to scan L3-4 and L2-3 spaces inside the 2 spaces, midline will be detected by noting the site of spinous processes with selection of the space with the best sonographic image quality. Then skin surface at the middle of the long and short axis of the probe will be marked horizontally. If the 2 spaces have the same image quality, L2-3 space will be chosen for the entrance of epidural needle. After sterilization of the patient's skin the needle will be inserted to detect the epidural space by using loss of resistance to saline |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ultrasound | Device | the efficacy of prepuncture ultrasonography to facilitate epidural block in pediatric patients undergoing elective urological operations compared with the conventional anatomical landmark technique |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| the rate of a successful reaching to the epidural space from the first needle pass | incidence after insertion of the epidural needle into the skin till reaching the epidural space | minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| the rate of a successful reaching to the epidural space from the first skin puncture | incidence after insertion of the epidural needle into the skin till reaching the epidural space | minutes |
| The number of performed skin punctures by the epidural needle |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mansoura University-Emergency hospital-ICU | Al Mansurah | Egypt |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014463 | Ultrasonography |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003952 | Diagnostic Imaging |
| D019937 | Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures |
| D003933 | Diagnosis |
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Patients will be randomly assigned to 2 equal groups (ultrasonography and palpation; 55 subjects in each group) using the permuted block randomization method with randomly selected block sizes of 4 and 6. The group allocation codes were concealed in sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes that were opened only after assessing the eligibility and obtaining the consent from the parents
number after insertion of the epidural needle into the skin till reaching the epidural space |
| minutes |
| The number of needle passes from the same skin puncture required for reaching the epidural space | number from the skin puncture done by the epidural needle till removing the epidural needle from this the skin puncture | minutes |
| The epidural space demarcation time by the ultrasound | The time from placing the ultrasound probe on the skin until the skin marking is completed at L3-4 and L2-3 space | minutes |
| The epidural space demarcation time by the landmark | The time from start skin palpation til the skin marking is completed at L3-4 and L2-3 space | minutes |
| The procedure time which is the time from the needle insertion into the skin until reaching the epidural space | minutes |
| Incidence of intraoperative hypertension (as increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) by more than 20% from the basal) | mmHg | allover the surgery (minutes) |
| Incidence of intraoperative tachycardia (as increase in heart rate by more than 20% from the basal) | beat per minutes | allover the surgery (minutes) |
| The procedure time | from the needle insertion into the skin till entering the epidural space | minutes |
| pain score using "face, leg, activity, cry, consolability" (FLACC) scale | five criteria, which are each assigned a score of 0, 1 or 2 | 30 minutes after the patient has transferred to the recovery room |