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Lipedema is a chronic progressive disease characterized by abnormal increase of subcutaneous adipose tissue. It is characterized by bilateral enlargement of the lower and/or upper extremities, typically sparing the hands and feet. This disease, which almost always affects women, has rarely been described in men due to hormonal disorders or concomitant diseases such as cirrhosis. Although the results vary, it has been reported that it is seen at a minimum rate of 1:72.000 or 11% of women are affected by this disease. Although it is a common disease, it can often be missed in daily practice. Therefore, it is very important to define the disease clinic well. Lipedema usually presents with swelling in the bilateral extremities. It begins in the post-adolescent period and is progressive. It does not respond to diet and exercise, does not improve with elevation, is spontaneous or painful to touch. Patients describe easy bruising with touch or minor trauma. In early lipedema, pain may be the main complaint in the extremities before the development of skin findings. Because of the absence of a defined clear pain pattern in these patients, diagnosis can be missed and confused with other diseases. In addition, it causes limitations in treatment of the pain. Adipose tissue can cause nociceptive and neuropathic pain because it contains both nociceptive neurons and neural innervation. It isn't known whether lipedema pain is of nociceptive or neuropathic origin. In different studies, the pain pattern is defined in different ways such as hyperalgesia, allodynia, spontaneous pain, blunt, heaviness, pressure, tearing, stabbing, severe and unbearable. In this study, the investigators aim to determine if the pain characteristics of patients with lipedema is neuropathic or not and to define the pain characteristics better in order to ensure earlier recognition and treatment of pain.
This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. 42 patients will be included to study who apply to the outpatient clinic of Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, and who are diagnosed or followed up with the diagnosis of lipoedema, aged between 18- 65 years. For the control group, 42 patients who had shoulder pain for less than 3 months and is diagnosed with acute subacromial impingement will be included as the nociceptive pain model. The LANSS Pain Scale and Pain Detect Questionnaire to assess patients' pain characteristics, the Nottingham Health Profile to assess quality of life, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to detect the presence of depression and anxiety will be completed by patients. LANSS Pain Scale is an evaluation form that helps to understand whether the nerves carrying pain signals are working normally, and it consists of two parts, including a pain questionnaire and a sensory evaluation. As a result of the calculation made according to answers, a score above 12 is associated with the presence of neuropathic pain. Pain Detect Questionnaire consists of questions about characteristics, severity and spread of the pain, and it provides the opportunity to score with 5 options as none, very mild, mild, moderate, severe, very severe. This survey, which consists of 38 points in total; in the presence of above 19 points, the neuropathic pain component is interpreted as possible. Nottingham Health Profile consists of 6 sections and a total of 38 questions evaluating patients' pain, emotional reaction, sleep, social isolation, physical activity and energy. In this questionnaire, where the highest score is 600 points, a high score is associated with a deterioration in quality of life. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale consists of 14 questions about anxiety and depression and 4 options for each question. According to the results, 0-7 points were interpreted as normal, 8-10 points were considered borderline, and 11 points and above were interpreted as abnormal. According to results of questionnaires, the datas will be compared with statistical analysis. As a result, the investigators aim to say that lipedema pain is or is not a neurpathic pain.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Group - Lipedema | Questionnaire for study group |
| |
| Control Group - Acute Subacromial Impingement | Questionnaire for control group |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Questionnaire for study group | Other | Demographic features, Stage and Type, The LANSS Pain Scale and Pain Detect Questionnaire to assess patients' pain characteristics,the Nottingham Health Profile to assess quality of life, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to detect the presence of depression and anxiety will be completed by patients. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| LANSS Pain Scale | LANSS Pain Scale is an evaluation form that helps to understand whether the nerves carrying pain signals are working normally, and it consists of two parts, including a pain questionnaire and a sensory evaluation. As a result of the calculation made according to answers, a score above 12 is associated with the presence of neuropathic pain. | Baseline |
| Pain Detect Questionnaire | Pain Detect Questionnaire consists of questions about characteristics, severity and spread of the pain, and it provides the opportunity to score with 5 options as none, very mild, mild, moderate, severe, very severe. This survey, which consists of 38 points in total; in the presence of above 19 points, the neuropathic pain component is interpreted as possible | Baseline |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Nottingham Health Profile | Nottingham Health Profile consists of 6 sections and a total of 38 questions evaluating patients' pain, emotional reaction, sleep, social isolation, physical activity and energy. In this questionnaire, where the highest score is 600 points, a high score is associated with a deterioration in quality of life | Baseline |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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42 patients will be included to study who apply to the outpatient clinic of Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, and who are diagnosed or followed up with the diagnosis of lipoedema, aged between 18- 65 years. For the control group, 42 patients who had shoulder pain for less than 3 months and is diagnosed with acute subacromial impingement will be included as the nociceptive pain model.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ebru sahin, MD | Dokuz EU | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dokuz Eylul Hospital | Izmir | 35330 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14830102 | Background | WOLD LE, HINES EA Jr, ALLEN EV. Lipedema of the legs; a syndrome characterized by fat legs and edema. Ann Intern Med. 1951 May;34(5):1243-50. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-34-5-1243. No abstract available. | |
| Background | Akçalı Y, Atabey R. Lipödem ve Lipolenfödem: Tanı ve Tedavi, Türkiye Klinikleri J Cardiovasc Surg-Special Topics. 2018; 10:56-72 | ||
| Background | Herbst KL, Mirkovskaya L, Bharhagava A, Chava Y, T. Te CH. Lipedema Fat and Signs and Symptoms of Illness, Increase with Advencing Stage, Archives of Medicine. 2015; 7:1-8 | ||
| 29522416 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D065134 | Lipedema |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003240 | Connective Tissue Diseases |
| D017437 | Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011795 | Surveys and Questionnaires |
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003625 | Data Collection |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D017531 | Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms |
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|
| Questionnaire for control group | Other | Demographic features, The LANSS Pain Scale and Pain Detect Questionnaire to assess patients' pain characteristics,the Nottingham Health Profile to assess quality of life, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to detect the presence of depression and anxiety will be completed by patients. |
|
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale consists of 14 questions about anxiety and depression and 4 options for each question. According to the results, 0-7 points were interpreted as normal, 8-10 points were considered borderline, and 11 points and above were interpreted as abnormal | Baseline |
| Background |
| Torre YS, Wadeea R, Rosas V, Herbst KL. Lipedema: friend and foe. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2018 Mar 9;33(1):/j/hmbci.2018.33.issue-1/hmbci-2017-0076/hmbci-2017-0076.xml. doi: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0076. |
| 20358611 | Background | Child AH, Gordon KD, Sharpe P, Brice G, Ostergaard P, Jeffery S, Mortimer PS. Lipedema: an inherited condition. Am J Med Genet A. 2010 Apr;152A(4):970-6. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33313. |
| 25200646 | Background | Szel E, Kemeny L, Groma G, Szolnoky G. Pathophysiological dilemmas of lipedema. Med Hypotheses. 2014 Nov;83(5):599-606. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.08.011. Epub 2014 Aug 23. |
| Background | Ayhan FF. Lipödem: Klinik Tanı, Evreleme, Tiplendirme, Değerlendirme ve Tanı Kriterleri.Tanıdan Tedaviye Lipödem Sağlık Profesyonelleri İçin Rehber Kitap. Borman P, Dalyan M, Figen Ayhan FF eds. Hipokrat Kitabevi, Ankara 2019:17-34 |
| 33001552 | Background | Aksoy H, Karadag AS, Wollina U. Cause and management of lipedema-associated pain. Dermatol Ther. 2021 Jan;34(1):e14364. doi: 10.1111/dth.14364. Epub 2020 Oct 12. |
| 34557035 | Background | Angst F, Benz T, Lehmann S, Sandor P, Wagner S. Common and Contrasting Characteristics of the Chronic Soft-Tissue Pain Conditions Fibromyalgia and Lipedema. J Pain Res. 2021 Sep 17;14:2931-2941. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S315736. eCollection 2021. |
| 29956468 | Background | Shavit E, Wollina U, Alavi A. Lipoedema is not lymphoedema: A review of current literature. Int Wound J. 2018 Dec;15(6):921-928. doi: 10.1111/iwj.12949. Epub 2018 Jun 29. |
| 15501424 | Background | Yucel A, Senocak M, Kocasoy Orhan E, Cimen A, Ertas M. Results of the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs pain scale in Turkey: a validation study. J Pain. 2004 Oct;5(8):427-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2004.07.001. |
| 23924395 | Background | Alkan H, Ardic F, Erdogan C, Sahin F, Sarsan A, Findikoglu G. Turkish version of the painDETECT questionnaire in the assessment of neuropathic pain: a validity and reliability study. Pain Med. 2013 Dec;14(12):1933-43. doi: 10.1111/pme.12222. Epub 2013 Aug 7. |
| 10826123 | Background | Kucukdeveci AA, McKenna SP, Kutlay S, Gursel Y, Whalley D, Arasil T. The development and psychometric assessment of the Turkish version of the Nottingham Health Profile. Int J Rehabil Res. 2000 Mar;23(1):31-8. doi: 10.1097/00004356-200023010-00004. |
| Background | Ömer A, Güvenir T, Küey, L, Kültür S. Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 1997; 8: 280- 287. |
| D011787 | Quality of Health Care |
| D017530 | Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation |
| D011634 | Public Health |
| D004778 | Environment and Public Health |
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D012107 | Research Design |
| D008722 | Methods |