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This study will examine whether infants view race as an inductively useful social cue to predict third-party social relationships.
Based on findings that infants expect more affiliation between same language speakers than different language speakers (i.e., infants will look longer at affiliation between different language speakers than same language speakers), this study will assess whether infants' expectations about intra- and inter-racial interactions will also follow the same pattern as language. After informed consent, participants who meet the eligibility requirements will be randomized into one of the 3 conditions: Watching (1) two White adults affiliating and disengaging, (2) two Black adults affiliating and disengaging, and (3) one White and one Black adults affiliating and disengaging.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| White-White | Experimental | Infants will first view 4 familiarization trials, in which the two adults each take turns waving and saying a short sentence. Each trial will last 10.5s. Which adult speaks first and which side she appears on will be counterbalanced. These familiarization trials will ensure infants encode each person separately. Then infants will watch 6 test trials (3 affiliation and 3 disengagement). The test trials will alternate, and the order will be counterbalanced across infants. In affiliation trials, the two adults will say "hello" and wave, whereas in the disengagement trials, the two adults will say "hmph", and turn away from each other. Both affiliation and disengagement will have the same length (3s), with actors maintaining the same distance from each other throughout the video. The procedure will be identical for all arms except in "White-White" arm, the two adults infants see will be two White adults. |
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| Black-Black | Experimental | The procedure is identical to the "White-White" arm except the two adults infants see will be two Black adults. |
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| Black-White | Experimental | The procedure is identical to the "White-White" arm except the two adults infants see will be one White and one Black adult. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic Science | Other | This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Participants' Average Time Spent Looking at Stimuli According to Condition | Infants' looking time to affiliation vs. disengagement stimuli was measured by two coders blind to the condition that infants were assigned to. Then, the values from each coders were compared and if there was disagreement, after discussion one value was selected. Thus, the reported outcome is the single value that both coders produced or agreed upon values from the two coders. | After the infants completed the study (which lasted about 10 minutes), two coders viewed the video recording of the session to measure infants' looking at the affiliation and disengagement stimuli. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Hyesung G Hwang, PhD | University of Chicago | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infant Learning and Development Laboratory at University of Chicago | Chicago | Illinois | 60637 | United States |
All data that was used in analysis will be shared publicly on Open Science Framework repository.
Once data has been collected and cleaned it will be available to the public indefinitely.
Anonymized individual participant data will be publicly available for anyone to access on Open Science Framework repository.
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No participants were excluded before assignment to arm.
Infants were recruited and tested through an online platform called Lookit (lookit.mit.edu), a website developed by MIT researchers to test infants from the comforts of their homes.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | White-White | Infants will first view 4 familiarization trials, in which the two adults each take turns waving and saying a short sentence. Each trial will last 10.5s. Which adult speaks first and which side she appears on will be counterbalanced. These familiarization trials will ensure infants encode each person separately. Then infants will watch 6 test trials (3 affiliation and 3 disengagement). The test trials will alternate, and the order will be counterbalanced across infants. In affiliation trials, the two adults will say "hello" and wave, whereas in the disengagement trials, the two adults will say "hmph", and turn away from each other. Both affiliation and disengagement will have the same length (3s), with actors maintaining the same distance from each other throughout the video. The procedure will be identical for all arms except in "White-White" arm, the two adults infants see will be two White adults. Basic Science: This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. |
| FG001 | Black-Black | The procedure is identical to the "White-White" arm except the two adults infants see will be two Black adults. Basic Science: This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. |
| FG002 | Black-White | The procedure is identical to the "White-White" arm except the two adults infants see will be one White and one Black adult. Basic Science: This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | White-White | Infants will first view 4 familiarization trials, in which the two adults each take turns waving and saying a short sentence. Each trial will last 10.5s. Which adult speaks first and which side she appears on will be counterbalanced. These familiarization trials will ensure infants encode each person separately. Then infants will watch 6 test trials (3 affiliation and 3 disengagement). The test trials will alternate, and the order will be counterbalanced across infants. In affiliation trials, the two adults will say "hello" and wave, whereas in the disengagement trials, the two adults will say "hmph", and turn away from each other. Both affiliation and disengagement will have the same length (3s), with actors maintaining the same distance from each other throughout the video. The procedure will be identical for all arms except in "White-White" arm, the two adults infants see will be two White adults. Basic Science: This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Age in days |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Participants' Average Time Spent Looking at Stimuli According to Condition | Infants' looking time to affiliation vs. disengagement stimuli was measured by two coders blind to the condition that infants were assigned to. Then, the values from each coders were compared and if there was disagreement, after discussion one value was selected. Thus, the reported outcome is the single value that both coders produced or agreed upon values from the two coders. | We ended up excluding 38 infants from the 128 infants we recruited due to technical issues (e.g., no video of infant in the study produced or infants' study video was cut off due to internet speed), parental/family interference (e.g., parents spoke during the study or siblings interrupted), and due to infant crying and not completing the study. Thus, after exclusion, the final data sample we analyzed is 90 infants. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | seconds | After the infants completed the study (which lasted about 10 minutes), two coders viewed the video recording of the session to measure infants' looking at the affiliation and disengagement stimuli. |
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Death, serious adverse events, and other (non-serious adverse events) were not assessed for the study
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | White-White | Infants will first view 4 familiarization trials, in which the two adults each take turns waving and saying a short sentence. Each trial will last 10.5s. Which adult speaks first and which side she appears on will be counterbalanced. These familiarization trials will ensure infants encode each person separately. Then infants will watch 6 test trials (3 affiliation and 3 disengagement). The test trials will alternate, and the order will be counterbalanced across infants. In affiliation trials, the two adults will say "hello" and wave, whereas in the disengagement trials, the two adults will say "hmph", and turn away from each other. Both affiliation and disengagement will have the same length (3s), with actors maintaining the same distance from each other throughout the video. The procedure will be identical for all arms except in "White-White" arm, the two adults infants see will be two White adults. Basic Science: This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Hyesung Grace Hwang | University of Chicago | (773) 834-9791 | hyesung@uchicago.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | May 31, 2022 | Apr 22, 2024 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | May 31, 2022 | Apr 22, 2024 | ICF_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D018730 | Infant Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002652 | Child Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| BG001 | Black-Black | The procedure is identical to the "White-White" arm except the two adults infants see will be two Black adults. Basic Science: This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. |
| BG002 | Black-White | The procedure is identical to the "White-White" arm except the two adults infants see will be one White and one Black adult. Basic Science: This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Standard Deviation |
| days |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| OG000 | White-White | Infants will first view 4 familiarization trials, in which the two adults each take turns waving and saying a short sentence. Each trial will last 10.5s. Which adult speaks first and which side she appears on will be counterbalanced. These familiarization trials will ensure infants encode each person separately. Then infants will watch 6 test trials (3 affiliation and 3 disengagement). The test trials will alternate, and the order will be counterbalanced across infants. In affiliation trials, the two adults will say "hello" and wave, whereas in the disengagement trials, the two adults will say "hmph", and turn away from each other. Both affiliation and disengagement will have the same length (3s), with actors maintaining the same distance from each other throughout the video. The procedure will be identical for all arms except in "White-White" arm, the two adults infants see will be two White adults. Basic Science: This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. |
| OG001 | Black-Black | The procedure is identical to the "White-White" arm except the two adults infants see will be two Black adults. Basic Science: This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. |
| OG002 | Black-White | The procedure is identical to the "White-White" arm except the two adults infants see will be one White and one Black adult. Basic Science: This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. |
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| EG001 | Black-Black | The procedure is identical to the "White-White" arm except the two adults infants see will be two Black adults. Basic Science: This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EG002 | Black-White | The procedure is identical to the "White-White" arm except the two adults infants see will be one White and one Black adult. Basic Science: This is a basic science experiment to test whether infants' looking time to video stimuli differ according to the race of the individuals shown. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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