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Falls are a major public health problem worldwide. As a result of changes in sensory system capacity with aging, postural control decreases and the risk of falling increases. Various lower-limb sensory stimulation strategies are applied to compensate for these changes in sensory system capacity. It has been determined that these practices can have positive effects on postural control. Among these stimulation strategies, compression stockings and textured insoles are frequently preferred because of their cost-effectiveness and ease of application. For these purpose, this study aims to examine the immediate effects of wearing textured insoles and compression stockings on balance and mobility in older adults. Thus, we will sight to discern whether interventions of the textured insoles and compression materials improve sensory afferent feedback in the foot.
Within-subject experimental design with all participants tests under each of four randomly organized conditions: (i) Compression socks with textured insoles, (ii) Compression socks with smooth insoles, (iii) Smooth socks with textured insoles, (iv) Smooth socks with smooth insoles. With each condition, the participants are given a 5-minute warm-up period to get used to the insoles and stocking conditions, and then the testing process consisting of balance, mobility and foot sensation assessments is started. All data are collected randomly in a single testing session by the same researcher blind to the conditions.Before all data collection, each participant has a practice of test process to ensure familiarity with the devices and the procedures. A rest period of 10 minutes are given between applications.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group 1 | Experimental | Compression socks with Textured insoles |
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| Intervention group 2 | Experimental | Compression socks with Smooth insoles |
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| Intervention group 3 | Experimental | Smooth socks with Textured insoles |
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| Control group | Placebo Comparator | Smooth socks with Smooth insoles |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| compression socks | Other | The compression socks have a clinical pressure of 23-30 mm Hg. The socks are dressed to the participants based on the manufacturer's sizing guidelines. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Foot sensation test | Foot plantar sense will be assessed with Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test. The foot sensation test will be performed (barefoot) immediately after each condition to determine the effect of the condition. 4 times in total. | in an average of one and half hour |
| Balance test | Balance will be assessed using the Biodex-BioSwayâ„¢ Portable Balance System, in different visual situations and support surfaces during bilateral standing. It will be measured with each condition, 4 times in total. | in an average of one and half hour |
| Mobility test | Mobility will be assessed by selecting Time Up and Go and Walk parameters in the BTS G-Walk wearable motion analysis system. Time Up and Go test determines functional mobility, and fall risk. Walk test evaluates quantitative analysis for the performance of walking. It will be measured with each condition, 4 times in total. | in an average of one and half hour |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Sevim Beyza Ölmez | Gazi University | Principal Investigator |
| Selda BaÅŸar | Gazi University | Study Director |
| Tuğçe Çoban | Gazi University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences | Çankaya | Ankara | 06490 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28355265 | Background | Woo MT, Davids K, Liukkonen J, Orth D, Chow JY, Jaakkola T. Effects of different lower-limb sensory stimulation strategies on postural regulation-A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 29;12(3):e0174522. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174522. eCollection 2017. | |
| 31022658 | Background | Kenny RPW, Atkinson G, Eaves DL, Martin D, Burn N, Dixon J. The effects of textured materials on static balance in healthy young and older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Gait Posture. 2019 Jun;71:79-86. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.04.017. Epub 2019 Apr 17. |
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| textured insoles | Other | The textured insoles have small, pyramidal peaks with centre-to-centre distances of approximately 2.5 mm (Evalite Pyramid EVA, 3 mm thickness, shore value A50, black). The insoles cut to a range of men's and women's standard EU shoe sizes. During the testing process, they are worn within a standardised shoe. |
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| smooth socks | Other | The smooth socks are a commercial stocking that does not have a compression feature, but has a similar thickness and color to the compression stocking. They have standard size. |
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| smooth insoles | Other | The smooth insoles have a completely flat surface (Evalite Pyramid EVA, 3 mm thickness, shore value A50, black). The insoles cut to a range of men's and women's standard EU shoe sizes. During the testing process, they are worn within a standardised shoe. |
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| 33556067 | Background | Woo MT, Davids K, Chow JY, Jaakkola T. Acute effects of wearing compression knee-length socks on ankle joint position sense in community-dwelling older adults. PLoS One. 2021 Feb 8;16(2):e0245979. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245979. eCollection 2021. |