A Complex Health Promotion Intervention in Parasport - The Safe & Healthy Parasport Project
A Complex Health Promotion Intervention in Parasport - The Safe & Healthy Parasport Project
The interest in Para sport is steadily increasing. A concern is, though, that elite Para athletes report a high incidence of injuries and illnesses. Altogether, there is an urgent need to prevent such incidents among athletes already suffering from an impairment. However, most of the existing training-based prevention programmes are not adapted or accessible to Para athletes. Also, recent research suggests that sports safety work advantageously should facilitate disease prevention and health promotion. Such intervention would hypothetically also have the potential to reduce injuries, illnesses and improve health among Para athletes. To allow full implementation, the intervention would need to be adapted to the Para athletes´ various impairments, abilities and sports.
MAIN QUESTIONS TO BE ADRESSED
Introduction Sport is today one of the largest movements in Sweden, with more than three million people being members of a sports club. Participation in sport leads to several health benefits as it improves both physical and mental health. For example, it reduces the risk for cardiometabolic disease, fractures, dementia, mental illness and some cancer types. Sport also supports the development of social skills during different periods in people's lifetime. Sport has therefore a great impact on the quality of life for the individual person as well as for our health economics, as it can prevent and treat disease. The interest in sport and its associated benefits for persons with an impairment (Para sport) has also increased in the last few decades. Para sport is, however, still a young sporting discipline and despite the fact that sport poses the athlete at a risk for suffering a sports-related injury or illness few studies have assessed the burden of such incidents in Para sport.
The Para athlete and Paralympic athlete What characterises Para and Paralympic athletes is the existing impairment, whether it is physical, visual or intellectual. According to the World Health Organization the definition of an impairment is: "a problem in body function or structure" (WHO). Depending on the nature of the impairment the athlete may also have a greater risk for suffering from secondary health complaints, early age related health conditions, health risk behaviours and higher rates of premature death.
For example, individuals with SCI may be predisposed to infections, skin breakdown, osteoporosis, contractures, spasticity, pain, depression, fatigue, hyperthermia, bowel dysfunction and cardiorespiratory insufficiency. Several of these health complaints may also be present in individuals with other neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy (CP). Individuals with more rare diagnosis such as Becker muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Friedreich's ataxia may in addition suffer from health complaints such as heart arrhythmias and a malformed skeleton. Joint contractures and muscle fibrosis are present in individuals with arthrogryposis, which often leads to musculoskeletal problems. The biomechanics is often altered among individuals with limb deficiency, which may cause stress fractures, tendinopathies and osteoarthritis. Also stump conditions such as phantom pain, rashes and heterotopic ossification are common. Furthermore, alterations in the vascular physiology may induce cardiac disease.
Individuals with visual impairment have in general a greater risk for morbidity and unintentional injury and illness such as cardiometabolic disease, depression, falls and fractures. Other health conditions that are sometimes present with diagnoses related to visual impairments are joint problems, obesity, hearing impairment, diabetes and development delay. Individuals with intellectual impairments have more often a poor mental and physical health compared to the rest of population. Higher rates of health complaints, such as gastrointestinal disease, obesity, epilepsy, cardiometabolic disease and mental illness have been reported. Altogether, the Para athlete has other conditions due to the impairment and the sometimes associated health complaints when entering sports in comparison with an able-bodied athlete, which possibly could affect training behaviour as well as the epidemiology and consequences of sports-related injuries and illnesses.
Epidemiology of sports-related injuries and illnesses Despite all the positive health effects of sports, sports-related injuries and illnesses are a concern in most elite sports settings, as they may lead to morbidity, an ending of the sport career, long- term disability and mortality. Sports-related injuries are also a cost and burden for society.
Traumatic sports injuries, such as concussion, ligament sprains, joint distortions or fractures may, for example, lead to brain damage, osteoarthritis and chronic pain for the individual athlete. Catastrophic injuries leading to spinal injuries and death are less common, but still a concern in several sports. Overuse-related injuries may also cause several health complaints such as inflammation, degeneration and chronic pain. Recent research has suggested that the risks associated with sports- related injuries and its consequences are unacceptable when evaluated against acceptable criteria from occupational health.
Sports-related illnesses have also received more focus during the last decade. However, studies concerning the epidemiology of sports-related illnesses are still underrepresented in comparison to sports injury epidemiology. A concern is that there still are few cohort studies concerning sports injury and illness epidemiology in Para sport. Moreover, definitions and data collection methods have not been adapted to the Para athletes´ various impairments. To assist the development of evidence-based preventive measures the aim of my PhD-thesis was to gain an in-depth understanding of the epidemiology and data collection methods of sports injuries and illnesses in Para athletes. First an eHealth application for self-reported data collection of injuries and illnesses adapted to the Web Content Accessibility guidelines and Para athletes was developed and evaluated in a pilot feasibility and usability study. Thereafter, 107 Swedish elite para athletes were followed prospectively during 52 weeks. In the thesis, which is the first study globally that prospectively has followed a large cohort of Para athletes, it was shown that 68% reported an injury and 77% an illness, which is a higher incidence compared to able-bodied athletes in Sweden. One third of the injuries were classified as severe and the athletes´ impairment was involved in the mechanism in 59% of the injuries. For example, wheelchair athletes reported a high proportion of shoulder injuries and athletes with VI reported falls. Also diagnoses such as spasticity and neurogenic bladder were reported, which are not seen in able-bodied athletes. Two thirds of the athletes reported poor sleep, 48% reported persistent pain and 34% reported anxiety. Data also show that more injuries are reported at the Paralympic Games compared to the Olympic Games. Altogether, there is an urgent need to further understand the epidemiology of sports injuries and illnesses, and to prevent injuries and illnesses in Para athletes.
A concern is that the development and evaluation of evidence-based prevention strategies take time. However, research among able-bodied athletes has shown that regular athlete health monitoring with accompanied medical guidance may reduce the burden of sports injuries and illnesses, and shorten the time loss from sport when injured/ill. The medical team following up the athlete should consist of qualified and experienced individuals operating in synergy with the coach and the athlete towards a common performance and health goal. It has been proposed that this system facilitate a balanced approach to training and competing decisions, especially while the athlete is ill or injured. This method can be supported by results from my PhD-thesis, in which it it was shown that 90% of the athletes found it important to conduct athlete health monitoring also in the future. Moreover, qualitative data have revealed that Para athletes´ perceptions are that they do not have the same prerequisites as able-bodied athletes when being injured or ill. In summary, it can be hypothesized that regular athlete health monitoring over time will help us to further improve our understanding of the epidemiology of sports injuries and illnesses in Parasport, and that immediate medical guidance also can minimize the impact of a sports injury or illness.
Health promotion in sports Another concern in Parasport is that the existing prevention programmes in sports such as the knee control are not adapted to Para athletes, as several athletes are wheelchair users or amputees. Among able-bodied athletes, it has been recommended that sports safety work should facilitate health promotion, including health education. A recent study of able-bodied Swedish athletes have shown that a health promotion webpage for elite athletics athletes can reduce the injury risk. However, there is no health promotion webpage for Swedish Para athletes.
Taken together an accessible eHealh based health promotion platform will first be developed in this project using a participatory action based research design. Thereafter the following research questions will be adressed:
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
kristina.fagher@med.lu.se+46702970764
jan.lexell@med.lu.se