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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| R21AT011242 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) | NIH |
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This pilot study evaluates the role terpenes play in the stress-reducing effects of a forest bathing intervention. Participants will participate in two interventions in random order: 1) terpene exposure and 2) no terpene exposure.
The investigators will use an individual-level crossover design in which each session is conducted independently and on different days. Participants will be outfitted with a powered air purifying respirator (PAPR) to selectively modulate exposure to a natural suite of forest-derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) while present in forest environments. Each participant will undergo two forest bathing sessions, one in which VOCs are not filtered (treatment condition), and one in which they are filtered (control condition). Sessions will be separated by a washout period of at least 8 days for each participant, and order will be counterbalanced. The investigators will estimate the average effect of treatment over 40 distinct treatment days against 40 distinct control/filtered days. The power and sample size calculations (N = 40) were determined using previous nature exposure studies of similar cross-over design. The study is adequately powered assuming the conventional targets of α = 0.05 and β = 0.80 with a 10% anticipated dropout rate, and including temperature, wind, and light variability during treatment days.
The specific aim of this project is to 1) assess whether VOC inhalation regulates increases in the high frequency (HF) (ms2) component of heart rate variability (HRV) as the primary outcome (with decreases in blood pressure, heart rate, self-reported stress, and levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum included as secondary outcomes); and 1a) assess the degree of association of absorbed dose of six forest-derived VOCs (i.e., α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, Δ-3-carene, limonene, β- carophyllene) in serum with these outcomes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Terpenes On | Experimental | Forest bathing intervention with no filtration of terpenes from inhaled air using PAPR with particle-only filter ("terpenes on") |
|
| Terpenes Off | Active Comparator | Forest bathing intervention with filtration of terpenes from inhaled air using PAPR with activated charcoal filter ("terpenes off") |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forest bathing | Behavioral | Participants will be seated in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in the HF (ms^2) Component of HRV | Assess whether VOC inhalation regulates psychophysiological outcomes of the terpenes-on vs. terpenes-off sessions. Ln High Frequency Heart Rate Variability at T2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for each session) | At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
| Baseline HF (ms^2) Component of HRV | Assess whether VOC inhalation regulates psychophysiological outcomes of the terpenes-on vs. terpenes-off sessions. Ln High Frequency Heart Rate Variability at baseline. | At baseline (pre-exposure) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure (Diastolic in mmHg) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Diastolic blood pressure at T4 (60 minutes of exposure) | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
| Beats Per Minute (BPM) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) | Assess the association of absorbed dose (µg/mL) of forest-derived VOCs in serum with primary and secondary outcomes. | Time point 4 (60 min) for absorbed dose associations with same time point for DBP, SBP, Cortisol, Il-6, TNF-alpha, and CRP; and associations with Time point 2 (20 minutes) for HRV, SCL, positive affect, negative affect, self-reported stress, heart rate. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
At enrollment, participants will complete a baseline survey on demographics, personality traits, and regular nature contact and perceptions. Study staff will also use the clinically-validated UPSIT® test kit (Sensonics International, Haddon Heights, NJ) to evaluate olfactory sensitivity and identify/exclude participants with undiagnosed smell loss.
Study staff will work with participants to schedule their forest bathing sessions and review instructions on how to prepare (e.g., by avoiding alcohol, marijuana, and certain foods, drinks, and household cleaning products with high terpene concentrations 24 hrs before their session).
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Gregory Bratman, PhD | University of Washington | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pack Forest | Eatonville | Washington | 98328 | United States |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Terpenes On, Then Terpenes Off | Participants first received a forest bathing session with no filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes on") in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest. After a washout period of at least eight days, they then received a forest bathing session with filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes off") in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest. |
| FG001 | Terpenes Off, Then Terpenes On | Participants first received a forest bathing session with filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes off") in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest. After a washout period of at least eight days, they then received a forest bathing session of no filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes on") in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Session |
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| Washout Period |
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| Second Session |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Terpenes On, Then Terpenes Off | Participants first received a forest bathing session with no filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes on") in a forest environment during an hour-long exposure to the forest. After a washout period of at least eight days, they then received a forest bathing session with filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes off") in a forest environment during an hour-long exposure to the forest. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Changes in the HF (ms^2) Component of HRV | Assess whether VOC inhalation regulates psychophysiological outcomes of the terpenes-on vs. terpenes-off sessions. Ln High Frequency Heart Rate Variability at T2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for each session) | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | ms^2 | At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
|
Monitoring from pre-exposure time (i.e., meeting participants for each session, driving to forest location, application of physiology equipment, serum collection, and self-report assessments (total of ~2-4 hours)) through duration of 60 min forest exposure sessions and subsequent period after session completion (i.e., debriefing, and returning of participants from forest session location to initial meeting point (total of ~1.5-2.5 hours)).
Definitions do not differ.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Terpenes On | Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Gregory Bratman | University of Washington | 2065437591 | bratman@uw.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | May 7, 2024 | May 24, 2024 | Prot_000.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | May 7, 2024 | May 24, 2024 | SAP_001.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Jul 25, 2023 | May 24, 2024 | ICF_002.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000099080 | Forest Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012064 | Relaxation Therapy |
| D026441 | Mind-Body Therapies |
| D000529 | Complementary Therapies |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
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Participants are assigned to both arms in random order
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Participants and research staff conducting the intervention will be masked to the exposure
Assessed using mobile physiology equipment BPM at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure) |
| At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
| Skin Conductance (μS) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Skin conductance levels at time point 2 (20 minutes into exposure) | At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
| Self-reported Positive Affect | Assessed using the shortened Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Positive affect at time point 2 (20 minutes of exposure) Higher scale scores are indicative of better outcome Range 5-50 | At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
| Self-reported Stress | Assessed using a single-item self report non-validated scale Self-reported stress at time point 2 (20 minutes of exposure) Higher scale score indicative of worse outcome Range 1-5 | At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
| Self-reported Negative Affect | Assessed using the shortened Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Negative affect at time point 2 (20 minutes of exposure) Higher score on scale indicative of worse outcome Range 5-50 | At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
| Levels of CRP | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods. CRP levels at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure). | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
| Levels of Cortisol in Serum (ng/mL) | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods Cortisol levels at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure). | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
| Blood Pressure (Systolic in mmHg) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Systolic blood pressure at T4 (60 minutes of exposure) | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
| Level of TNF-alpha | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods TNF-alpha levels at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure). | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
| Levels of Il-6 | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods IL-6 levels at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure). | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
| Baseline Blood Pressure (Diastolic in mmHg) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Diastolic blood pressure at baseline. | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
| Beats Per Minute (BPM) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment BPM at baseline. | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
| Skin Conductance (μS) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Skin conductance levels at baseline. | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
| Self-reported Positive Affect | Assessed using the shortened Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Positive affect at baseline Higher scale scores are indicative of better outcome Range 5-50 | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
| Self-reported Stress | Assessed using a single-item self report non-validated scale Self-reported stress at baseline Higher scale score indicative of worse outcome Range 1-5 | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
| Self-reported Negative Affect | Assessed using the shortened Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Negative affect at baseline Higher score on scale indicative of worse outcome Range 5-50 | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
| Levels of CRP | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods. CRP levels at baseline | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
| Levels of Cortisol in Serum (ng/mL) | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods Cortisol levels at baseline | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
| Blood Pressure (Systolic in mmHg) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Systolic blood pressure at baseline | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
| Level of TNF-alpha | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods TNF-alpha levels at baseline | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
| Levels of Il-6 | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods IL-6 levels at baseline | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
| NOT COMPLETED |
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| NOT COMPLETED |
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| BG001 | Terpenes Off, Then Terpenes On | Participants first received a forest bathing session with no filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes on") in a forest environment during an hour-long exposure to the forest. After a washout period of at least eight days, they then received a forest bathing session with filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes off") during a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
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| Sex/Gender, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Terpenes Off |
Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Blood Pressure (Diastolic in mmHg) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Diastolic blood pressure at T4 (60 minutes of exposure) | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmHg | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
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| Secondary | Beats Per Minute (BPM) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment BPM at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure) | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | BPM | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
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| Secondary | Skin Conductance (μS) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Skin conductance levels at time point 2 (20 minutes into exposure) | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | microsiemens (µS) | At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
|
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| Secondary | Self-reported Positive Affect | Assessed using the shortened Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Positive affect at time point 2 (20 minutes of exposure) Higher scale scores are indicative of better outcome Range 5-50 | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Score on a scale | At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
|
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| Secondary | Self-reported Stress | Assessed using a single-item self report non-validated scale Self-reported stress at time point 2 (20 minutes of exposure) Higher scale score indicative of worse outcome Range 1-5 | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Score on a scale | At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
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| Secondary | Self-reported Negative Affect | Assessed using the shortened Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Negative affect at time point 2 (20 minutes of exposure) Higher score on scale indicative of worse outcome Range 5-50 | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Score on a scale | At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
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| Secondary | Levels of CRP | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods. CRP levels at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure). | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/L | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
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| Secondary | Levels of Cortisol in Serum (ng/mL) | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods Cortisol levels at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure). | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | ng/mL | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
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| Secondary | Blood Pressure (Systolic in mmHg) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Systolic blood pressure at T4 (60 minutes of exposure) | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmHg | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
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| Secondary | Level of TNF-alpha | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods TNF-alpha levels at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure). | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | pg/mL | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
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| Secondary | Levels of Il-6 | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods IL-6 levels at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure). | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | pg/mL | At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)). |
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| Other Pre-specified | Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) | Assess the association of absorbed dose (µg/mL) of forest-derived VOCs in serum with primary and secondary outcomes. | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | correlation coefficient | Time point 4 (60 min) for absorbed dose associations with same time point for DBP, SBP, Cortisol, Il-6, TNF-alpha, and CRP; and associations with Time point 2 (20 minutes) for HRV, SCL, positive affect, negative affect, self-reported stress, heart rate. |
|
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| Primary | Baseline HF (ms^2) Component of HRV | Assess whether VOC inhalation regulates psychophysiological outcomes of the terpenes-on vs. terpenes-off sessions. Ln High Frequency Heart Rate Variability at baseline. | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | ms^2 | At baseline (pre-exposure) |
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| Secondary | Baseline Blood Pressure (Diastolic in mmHg) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Diastolic blood pressure at baseline. | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmHg | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
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| Secondary | Beats Per Minute (BPM) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment BPM at baseline. | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | BPM | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
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| Secondary | Skin Conductance (μS) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Skin conductance levels at baseline. | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | microsiemens (µS) | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
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| Secondary | Self-reported Positive Affect | Assessed using the shortened Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Positive affect at baseline Higher scale scores are indicative of better outcome Range 5-50 | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Score on a scale | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
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| Secondary | Self-reported Stress | Assessed using a single-item self report non-validated scale Self-reported stress at baseline Higher scale score indicative of worse outcome Range 1-5 | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Score on a scale | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
|
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| Secondary | Self-reported Negative Affect | Assessed using the shortened Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Negative affect at baseline Higher score on scale indicative of worse outcome Range 5-50 | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Score on a scale | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
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| Secondary | Levels of CRP | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods. CRP levels at baseline | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/L | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
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| Secondary | Levels of Cortisol in Serum (ng/mL) | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods Cortisol levels at baseline | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | ng/mL | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
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| Secondary | Blood Pressure (Systolic in mmHg) | Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Systolic blood pressure at baseline | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmHg | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
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| Secondary | Level of TNF-alpha | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods TNF-alpha levels at baseline | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | pg/mL | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
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| Secondary | Levels of Il-6 | Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods IL-6 levels at baseline | Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | pg/mL | At baseline (pre-exposure). |
|
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|
| 0 |
| 43 |
| 0 |
| 43 |
| 0 |
| 43 |
| EG001 | Terpenes Off | Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session. | 0 | 43 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 43 |
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Exploratory ANOVA results comparing full and reduced models to test the effect of terpene exposure on pattern of outcome over time.
| ANOVA |
| 0.02 |
Threshold of P < 0.05 for significance. ANCOVA results of comparing reduced vs. full model over time. |
| Superiority |
Exploratory ANOVA results comparing full and reduced models to test the effect of terpene exposure on pattern of outcome over time.
| ANOVA |
| 0.57 |
Threshold of P < 0.05 for significance. ANCOVA results of comparing reduced vs. full model over time. |
| Superiority |
| ANOVA |
| 0.82 |
Threshold of P < 0.05 for significance. ANCOVA results of comparing reduced vs. full model over time. |
| Superiority |
| ANOVA |
| 0.63 |
Threshold of P < 0.05 for significance. ANCOVA results of comparing reduced vs. full model over time. |
| Superiority |
| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
|
| SBP |
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| HR |
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| PA |
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| NA |
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| Self-reported stress |
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| Cortisol |
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| Il-6 |
|
| TNF-alpha |
|
| CRP |
|