This study incorporates metacognitive strategy training into semantic feature analysis treatment. Semantic feature analysis treatment has a strong evidence base and capacity to improve word retrieval by encouraging circumlocution. Circumlocution facilitates self-cued naming and assists listener comprehension when naming fails. However, semantic feature analysis treatment does not include direct techniques to teach patients with aphasia to generalize the use of semantic feature analysis treatment's circumlocution procedure. Therefore, this study proposes that combining semantic feature analysis treatment and metacognitive strategy training will stimulate the semantic system and increase patients with aphasias' use of circumlocution across divergent contexts.

This study aims to measure the treatment's effect on naming accuracy for trained and untrained items. The study also aim to measure the treatment's effect on people with aphasias' knowledge of the strategy components and changes in verbalizations during retrieval attempts. The central hypothesis is that strategy training will increase patients with aphasias' explicit knowledge about circumlocution and enable them to use it to (1) self-facilitate naming, and (2) produce more informative connected speech.

Every 40 seconds, someone in the United States suffers from a stroke. Approximately 25% of stroke survivors acquire aphasia, a communication disorder that can result in a partial or total loss of spoken and written language ability, which significantly and negatively impacts quality of life and societal participation. The ability to verbally label objects, referred to as 'naming' in the literature, is impaired in all patients with aphasia. Naming is, therefore, a common focus of treatment. Naming treatments improve people with aphasias' naming ability for items that are directly trained during therapy. However, these same treatments face two critical limitations: (1) inconsistent generalization to untrained items, and (2) little to no generalization to spontaneous, connected speech. As it is impossible to train the entire universe of objects during a patient's course of therapy, generalization of gains beyond what is trained in therapy is crucial.

Recent work shows that patients with aphasias' learning success depends on their ability to develop optimal strategies that support learning, but that they do not develop these strategies independently. There is also evidence that through explicit strategy training, patients with aphasia can learn to implement and generalize the use of strategies that are known to support learning, and carry over their use across multiple environments. As such, it is predicted that naming treatment outcomes would be greatly improved by incorporating strategy training into treatment.

This study proposes to incorporate strategy training into naming treatment to improve generalization. Circumlocution, a verbal behavior in which patients with aphasia describe an object's features if they are unable to name it, is known to facilitate naming and assist listener comprehension. Semantic Feature Analysis is a well-regarded naming treatment thought to encourage circumlocution. Semantic Feature Analysis treatment does not include direct techniques that teach patients with aphasia how to generalize the use of the treatment's circumlocution procedure. In fact, no studies have explicitly trained patients with aphasia how to use the circumlocution procedure they learn in Semantic Feature Analysis treatment during everyday communication. Rather, it is assumed that patients with aphasia will implicitly learn how to use the procedure, through repeated practice and habituation alone. This study proposes that strategy training is the integral missing piece that will successfully result in people with aphasias' generalized application of the semantic feature analysis procedure.

The objective of the proposed research is to determine whether naming treatment that incorporates strategy training results in people with aphasias' increased use of circumlocution. The central hypothesis is that strategy training will increase patients with aphasias' explicit knowledge about circumlocution and enable them to use it to (1) self-facilitate naming, and (2) produce more informative connected speech. It is predicted that increased use of circumlocution will result in generalization at both the impairment level (naming) and participation level (effective communication).

Inclusion criteria:

• Experienced a single left-hemisphere stroke,
• Have aphasia due to stroke,
• Be in the chronic stages of their aphasia, at least 6 months post onset of stroke.
• Be between the ages of 18 and 89 years of age, and
• Be a proficient English speaker,
• Have no history of neurodegenerative disease, motor speech disorder, significant mental illness, psychiatric disorder, drug/alcohol abuse, or neurological condition that could influence their cognitive, language, and memory systems.

Exclusion criteria:

• Experienced multiple strokes;
• Be in the acute stage of their aphasia, <6 months post onset of stroke;
• Have a diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease, significant mental illness, psychiatric disorder, drug/alcohol abuse, or neurological condition that could influence cognitive, language, and memory systems

Investigators will share de-identified data sets, statistical analysis codes and experimental set-ups with interested researchers, educators or clinicians. Materials generated under the project will be disseminated in accordance with NIH policies.

Data requests can be submitted starting 9 months after article publication and will be made accessible for up to 24 months

Access to trial individual participant data can be requested by qualified researchers engaging in independent scientific research, and will be provided following review and approval of a research proposal and Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP) and execution of a Data Sharing Agreement (DSA).