PI left institution. No one resumed the project.

This is a single-center, prospective observational pilot study. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of trazodone as compared to quetiapine, in the management of ICU delirium in adult (>=18 years old) surgical and medical ICU patients. The investigators will compare outcomes such as delirium duration, delirium-free days, coma-free days, in-hospital mortality, 28-day mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), ICU LOS, mechanical ventilator days, complications, adverse effects, rescue medication use, delirium symptom severity, sleep duration, and sleep quality among participants receiving trazodone or quetiapine. The investigators hypothesize participants receiving trazodone will be associated with a shorter duration of delirium, decreased delirium severity, and improved sleep quality compared to participants receiving quetiapine.

This is a single-center, double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial comparing trazodone, quetiapine, and placebo for the treatment of ICU delirium in adult patients admitted to the medical and surgical ICU at Keck Hospital of the University of Southern California.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of trazodone and quetiapine for the treatment of ICU delirium, and their effects on patient outcomes. Since the incidence of ICU delirium is high and has profound negative ramifications on survival, long-term outcomes, cognitive function, in addition to placing a heavy burden on the healthcare system resources and costs, effective delirium treatment strategies are desperately needed. Trazodone is a medication that has promise in delirium treatment, but there is currently insufficient literature to recommend its routine use. The investigators' main objective is to determine if trazodone is an effective and safe treatment option for the management of ICU delirium, and if it results in shorter delirium duration and improved outcomes compared to participants receiving quetiapine.

Subject screening:

All patients will be screened for study eligibility daily on rounds throughout the study period. Patients eligible for the study will be enrolled in the study after receiving a patient information sheet. As this is part of standard of care and the medications would be administered regardless of study participation, written informed consent will be waived.

ICU nurses will assess all patients for delirium at least every 12 hours, using the CAM-ICU tool , in accordance with the standard of care in the surgical ICU (that is, this assessment would be performed regardless of the study).

Patients with a diagnosis of delirium (CAM-ICU positive) that requires pharmacological intervention as determined by the attending intensivist, and meet all inclusion criteria and have no exclusion criteria, will receive either trazodone or quetiapine.

Stratification Scheme: Patients who are enrolled in the study, meet inclusion criteria, and have no exclusion criteria, and require a medication intervention for the treatment of ICU delirium, as determined by the attending ICU physician, will be randomized to one of two study arms: 1. Trazodone; or 2. Quetiapine. As an observational study, patients will not be randomized to the intervention. The attending ICU physician will determine which medication to administer to the patient based on their clinical opinion or drug preference.

Study Medication Administration:

The choice of quetiapine or trazodone to treat delirium will be made by the attending intensivist covering the ICU based on their personal preference or the patient's clinical presentation and medical history. The dosage and frequency of either quetiapine or trazodone will also be determined by the prescribing attending intensivist, and will factor in the patient's RASS (Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale) score and agitation severity. The lowest dosage for both medications is 25 mg, and it may be titrated up and have the frequency adjusted to be administered up to three times a day. The max daily dosage for both medications is 200 mg/day.

The dose of the medications can be reduced/discontinued per discretion of ICU attending if delirium is improving, the patient experiences side effects likely related to study drug, after 14 days of treatment, or if the patient is discharged from ICU.

The dose should be held if RASS is -3 to -5/comatose/unresponsive, or the dose should be decreased if there is increased somnolence.

The decision to stop the medication will be made by the ICU attending, and it should be tapered or discontinued based per the attending intensivists discretion, and should factor in the duration, dosage, and frequency that the patient was receiving the medication.

If the patient is experiencing refractory delirium despite increased doses or frequency of either trazodone or quetiapine, it should be treated per the discretion of the ICU intensivist. Intensivists are encouraged to follow the refractory delirium rescue medication algorithm, described below, however, it is not mandatory. ICU night time coverage is sometimes provided by intensivists who are moonlighting or are not part of the core ICU group, and only cover a night shift once a month, and they may not be familiar with this algorithm. They should administer whatever medications they are comfortable with to immediately control the patient's presenting symptoms. Thus, a standardized delirium rescue medication protocol will not be employed.

Refractory Delirium Rescue Medication Algorithm:

• in event of agitation:

  1. treat pain first (optimize pain management and encourage multimodal therapy [neuraxial/regional techniques, gabapentin (neuroleptics), NSAIDs (if allowed by surgery), lidocaine gtt or patches, acetaminophen, and weak opiates (e.g., tramadol))-avoid ketamine if possible
  2. IV haloperidol 1-10 mg q2hr prn
  3. if still refractory may try olanzapine 5-10 mg PO/SL (sublingual) x1
  4. Still refractory start dexmedetomidine drip 0.2 mcg-1.4 mcg/kg/hr no more than 12 hrs
  5. if patient is intubated and refractory to all of the above, start propofol drip 10mg/hr-80 mg/hr for no more than 12 hrs
  6. May consider adding valproic acid
  7. May consider psychiatric consultation
  8. Add melatonin 5-10 mg qhs to promote sleep hygiene, in addition to steps 1-7

• in event of hallucination:

  1. if patient is not in distress-no additional pharmacological interventions
  2. if patient in distress-may administer IV haloperidol 1-10 mg q2hr prn for short term use (no more than 2 days)

Statistics/Analysis Plan:

-Baseline descriptive statistics: Baseline characteristics of the study population will be presented by treatment group using conventional descriptive statistics, including proportions for categorical variables and means and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges for continuous variables, as appropriate based on the data distribution. Comparisons of baseline variables will be performed between treatment groups by two-sample t-test or a non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables, as appropriate.

-Analysis of feasibility outcomes: All feasibility outcomes (enrollment rate, delirium incidence among those otherwise eligible, completion of in-hospital and post-discharge outcome assessments) will be summarized as frequencies, with proportions and 95% CIs.

-Analysis of primary efficacy endpoints: The primary outcome is the duration of ICU delirium measured in days. Differences in the duration of delirium between treatment groups will be analyzed by Poisson regression or negative binomial regression if there is evidence of over-dispersion. Patients with delirium episodes lasting less than one day will be classified as 0.5 days. All models will include the medication group (trazodone or quetiapine). Adjusting covariates will include age and initial delirium severity as independent variables. In this observational study, the study medications are not randomized but are assigned by decision of each patient's treating physician. Causal interpretations of the effects of medications on outcomes are therefore weakened to the extent that other patient factors related to outcomes influence the physician's decision to prescribe a particular medication for delirium. We will address this issue by developing propensity scores using a logistic regression model (for administration of trazodone vs quetiapine as the binary dependent variable). Patient factors, including age, delirium severity, sex, and other demographic and clinical factors assessed at baseline prior to administration of study medication will be used as independent variables in the logistic regression model; model coefficients will then be used to quantify a propensity score for each patient. The effect estimate for study treatment will be adjusted using inverse probability weighting, using the propensity score as the weighting variable. Model coefficients will be exponentiated to give the estimated rate ratio for the treatment comparison (trazodone vs quetiapine), with 95% confidence intervals. The referent group for treatment group comparisons will be the quetiapine group (i.e., comparing trazodone to quetiapine).

-Analysis of secondary efficacy endpoints: Secondary outcomes will be evaluated in regression models using inverse probability weighting based on propensity scores as detailed above. Binary secondary endpoints include the proportion of patients with in-hospital mortality, 28-day mortality, 1-month post-discharge mortality, who experience complications, and who use rescue medications. The proportion in each treatment group will be summarized by frequencies (percents) and compared univariately by Fisher's exact test and in a multivariable model by logistic regression. In the logistic regression models, the binary dependent variable will be the particular study outcome (e.g., in-hospital mortality). The primary independent variable of interest will be the study treatment and model covariates will include age and initial delirium severity.

Additional secondary endpoints include the length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation (if applicable). These outcomes will be analyzed with Poisson or negative binomial regression as described in Section 13.2.3.

Study outcomes that are measured daily (delirium severity measured by CAM-S, nightly sleep duration (hours), number of times awoken at night, and sleep quality (Richards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire) will be compared among treatment groups using generalized linear mixed effects models (GLMMs). Normally distributed continuous outcomes will use a normal random outcome with an identify link function; count outcomes (e.g., number of times awoken) will use a Poisson random variable with a log link function. For each model, the primary independent variables will be study treatment group, age, and initial delirium severity. Assessment time (day of assessment, from day 0 to 14) will be treated as indicator variables. The main effect of treatment will estimate and test differences in the mean of the outcome in each study medication group over the 14-day follow-up period. An interaction term of treatment-by-day will be used to estimate treatment group means (with standard errors (SEs) and confidence intervals) by intervention day.

-Analysis of safety measures: Numbers and percentages of adverse events and serious adverse events will be tabulated and summarized descriptively (as frequency and percent, with 95% CI) by treatment group. Major safety measures of interest will be the occurrence of prolonged QTc intervals, extrapyramidal symptoms and muscle rigidity. The two treatment groups will be compared on the proportions exhibiting these adverse effects by Fisher's exact tests.

-Populations for analysis: The full analysis dataset will be comprised of all study participants who have met study inclusion criteria, and been treated with either trazodone or quetiapine. Analysis will be based on the original intervention, regardless of actual intervention received.](streamdown:incomplete-link)

Inclusion Criteria:

• >=18-years-old
• Admitted to the surgical ICU for >24 hours
• Diagnosis of ICU delirium defined by positive CAM-ICU score AND exhibiting symptomatic delirium (i.e., combative, pulling at lines, a danger to self or others, inability to sleep, hallucinations, etc.), thus, requiring the need for pharmacologic intervention as determined by the attending intensivist
• Receiving either quetiapine or trazodone for the treatment of delirium

Exclusion Criteria:

• Presence of an acute neurologic condition (i.e., acute cerebrovascular accident, intracranial tumor, traumatic brain injury, etc.) on ICU admission. History of stroke or other neurological condition(s) without cognitive impairment is not an exclusion criterion.
• Pregnancy/lactation
• History of ventricular arrhythmia including torsade de pointes or second- and third-degree heart block
• Allergy/hypersensitivity reaction to trazodone and/or quetiapine
• Diagnosis of dementia
• History of neuroleptic malignant syndrome and/or serotonin syndrome
• Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease or parkinsonism (also referred to as hypokinetic rigidity syndrome)
• Schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder
• Patients in whom CAM-ICU cannot be performed to screen for delirium (i.e., acute encephalopathy, mental retardation, vegetative state, deaf, blind, etc.) [reversible coma (that is, not caused by traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular accident, or intracranial tumor), defined as RASS -4 or -5 at any point through one ICU day, is NOT an exclusion criterion.]
• Inability to speak or understand English
• Expected to die or transfer out of the ICU within 24 hours
• Acute alcohol or substance abuse withdrawal symptoms/syndrome (i.e., delirium tremens) requiring treatment/intervention (e.g, implementation of the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (CIWA) protocol, benzodiazepines, alpha-2 agonist, etc.)
• Prolonged QTc syndrome AND/OR prolonged QT-interval (QTc>450 ms for men, and >460 ms for women on ECG performed within 1 month of ICU admission or day of study enrollment)
• Active psychosis [defined as distortion or loss of contact with reality, delusions and/or
• hallucinations (without insight), and/or thought disorder-must be diagnosed by a psychiatrist]
• Patients taking medications with known interactions with either trazodone and/or quetiapine per Pharmacy (e.g., MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors), SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; etc.)
• Acute encephalopathy (i.e., hepatic, uremic, etc.)
• Seizure disorder
• Myocardial infarction (MI) within the past 30 days
• Tardive dyskinesia
• Symptomatic hyponatremia
• Terminal state
• Diagnosis of liver disease
• Patients who are strict NPO (nil per os), are a high aspiration risk (defined as frequent nausea/vomiting, ileus, gastric dysmotility disorder, uncontrolled gastroesophageal reflux disease, weakness/deconditioning, diabetes with gastroparesis, not tolerating full tube feeds if being enterally fed (high residual gastric volume >500 cc), elderly patients with waxing/waning mental status), have dysphagia, and/or have difficulty swallowing capsules or solutions as determined by speech therapist
• Currently enrolled and participating in another interventional study
• Patients who have received both trazodone and quetiapine in the management of their delirium
• Patients who have had a history of serotonin syndrome
• Patients who were enrolled in the study once, are not eligible for re-enrollment if they are readmitted to the ICU

Adult patients admitted to the medical or surgical ICU for >24 hours with delirium requiring treatment with either trazodone or quetiapine.