INSPIRE: Feasibility of a Community-based Integrated Care Model for Older Adults Living at Home
INSPIRE: Feasibility of a Community-based Integrated Care Model for Older Adults Living at Home
Background: The care of older people, often suffering from multiple chronic health problems is complex. As a result, many home-dwelling older people receive long-term care by a large number of care providers often in various care settings, which are neither centralized nor coordinated, putting older people are at risk for fragmented care. To address the complex needs and overcome fragmentation of care, implementation of integrated care models has been recommended. Integrated care has been described as a person-centred model of care that is structured to support coordinated, pro-active care led by a multidisciplinary core team and a lead coordinator communicating and cooperating across and within health and social sectors. However, a systematic review and meta analysis published by our research team could not show convincing evidence regarding the beneficial impact of integrated care models on health and service outcomes. But our study highlighted that the majority of the studies included effectiveness outcomes only and lacked process and implementation outcomes hindering to determine whether the negative conclusions were due to intervention or implementation failure. Therefore, this indicates the need for effectiveness studies which include process evaluations, contextual analysis, and measuring proximal implementation outcomes to determine if, how and why community-based integrated care for frail older adults is successful in practice.
To facilitate the uptake of integrated care in daily practice and overcome implementation issues, principles and methods from the field of implementation science should be incorporated into future research.
In January 2018, the Canton Basel-Landschaft (BL) published a new legal framework to redesign care for home-dwelling older people in the canton. This legal framework mandates the reorganization of the Canton BL into larger care regions and the creation of an Information and Advice Center (IAC) in each of these care regions. The legislation mandates the IAC to be staffed with at least a nurse. Subsequently, the INSPIRE research team has been working together with the Canton and the care region of Leimental to help operationalize and evaluate a care model for the IAC.
The overall INSPIRE project is a three-phase implementation science project which aims to develop, implement and evaluate an integrated care model for the IAC for home-dwelling older adults in Canton BL. Phase 1: consisted in the development of the community-based integrated care model. Phase 2: We will assess the feasibility of the community-based integrated model of care at the IAC in Leimental. Phase 3: we will evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention.
The current study focuses in the phase 2.
Aims:
Design: The feasibility study uses multiple methods. For aim 1, a descriptive study will be conducted to monitor the strategies used to promote the IAC and to assess which ones worked in getting older adults to reach out to the IAC. To address aims 2 and 3, a parallel convergent mixed methods observational design will be used, being the core aspect of this phase. A combination of administrative data, health record reviews, older adult and informal caregiver interviews, IAC staff meetings, and a questionnaire of community professional collaborators will be used to meet the aims of the feasibility study.
Sample: For this study, multiple samples will be included to collect administrative data, implementation outcomes, and individual characteristics of consenting older adults who used the IAC services: external (people respondents to promotion strategies) and internal (all visitors to the IAC); older adults; frail older adults who receive a CGA and their informal caregivers; the IAC nurse and social worker; and community professionals who collaborate with the IAC in care coordination.
Measurements & Outcomes: Engagement measures will be provided by the IAC Administration about all visitors to the IAC. Implementation outcomes will be captured from IAC staff; older adults visiting the IAC (or with home appointments) and their informal caregivers; and community healthcare collaborators using a combination of meeting logs, interviews, IAC health records, and a questionnaire. The estimation of time-driven activity-based cost will be captured by using information provided by the IAC staff.
Background The care of older people, often suffering from multiple chronic health problems is complex. As a result, many home-dwelling older people receive long-term care by a large number of care providers often in various care settings, which are neither centralized nor coordinated, putting older people are at risk for fragmented care. To address the complex needs and overcome fragmentation of care, implementation of integrated care models has been recommended. Integrated care has been described as a person-centred model of care that is structured to support coordinated, pro-active care led by a multidisciplinary core team and a lead coordinator communicating and cooperating across and within health and social sectors. However, a systematic review and meta analysis published by our research team could not show convincing evidence regarding the beneficial impact of integrated care models on health and service outcomes. But our study highlighted that the majority of the studies included effectiveness outcomes only and lacked process and implementation outcomes hindering to determine whether the negative conclusions were due to intervention or implementation failure. Therefore, this indicates the need for effectiveness studies which include process evaluations, contextual analysis, and measuring proximal implementation outcomes to determine if, how and why community-based integrated care for frail older adults is successful in practice.
To facilitate the uptake of integrated care in daily practice and overcome implementation issues, principles and methods from the field of implementation science should be incorporated into future research.
In January 2018, the Canton Basel-Landschaft (BL) published a new legal framework to redesign care for home-dwelling older people in the canton. This legal framework mandates the reorganization of the Canton BL into larger care regions and the creation of an Information and Advice Center (IAC) in each of these care regions. The legislation mandates the IAC to be staffed with at least a nurse. Subsequently, the INSPIRE research team has been working together with the Canton and the care region of Leimental to help operationalize and evaluate a care model for the IAC.
The overall INSPIRE project is a three-phase implementation science project which aims to develop, implement and evaluate an integrated care model for the IAC for home-dwelling older adults in Canton BL. Phase 1: We developed a community-based integrated care model. Phase 2: We will assess the feasibility of the community-based integrated model of care at the IAC in Leimental. Phase 3: we will evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention.
The current study focuses in the phase 2.
Hypothesis and primary objective
The primary objective of this feasibility study is to 1) assess feasibility of recruitment to the IAC and evaluate recruitment strategies 2) assess the adoption, acceptability, feasibility, and fidelity of the integrated care model at the IAC, and 3) explore perceptions of older adults and their caregivers, IAC staff, and health and social care providers (e.g., GP, Spitex Nurse) towards the implemented care model, and if adaptations are needed to the care model or the implementation strategies.
Project design
The feasibility study will be conducted in March 2022, using multiple methods. For objective 1, a descriptive study will be conducted to monitor the strategies used to promote the IAC and to assess which ones were effective. To address objectives 2 and 3, which are the core aspects of this study phase, a parallel convergent mixed methods observational design will be used (whereby both quantitative and qualitative data are collected during a similar time period, analyzed separately, then merged). The quantitative data sources will include: IAC administrative data, IAC health records, and the NoMAD survey, while qualitative sources will include: interviews and meeting logs. The study will take place in a single center (i.e., the IAC in the Leimental care region). Effectiveness outcomes are not within the scope of this study phase.
Screening and recruitment
Objective 1: external processes, including IAC outreach, are not conducted by the researchers. For internal processes, all IAC visitors (sample 1A) will be included in our sample. Recruitment-related data will by aggregated and sent to the INSPIRE research team by the IAC administrative staff, hence no recruitment/screening is needed.
Objectives 2 & 3: Older adults [sample 1B & 1C] and relatives/legal representatives
Recruitment will be done following these steps:
(i) Older adults' arriving at the IAC/receiving an appointment at their home, will be asked to fill in client information forms as part of his/her IAC health record, including the GFI screening tool (self-administered). The GFI score will help the nurse(s) to determine whether the older adult needs:
(ii) For home-based older adults aged 64+ who have a health record created (sample 1B), the IAC nurse will inform them about the study and provide the INSPIRE study invitation letter (offering to read the letter for older adults depending on their preference. The nurse will ask if they are interested and agree for their contact information to be passed to the INSPIRE team. On a weekly basis, the INSPIRE team will reach out to the Nurse to identify potential participants for a IAC health record review (based on inclusion/exclusion criteria).
(iii) The research team representative will then reach out to confirm the invitation to the older adult and ask for consent for participation. The INSPIRE research team will either approach the older adult in the IAC, their home or by phone to explain the study procedures and ask for consent to review their IAC health record and to potentially participate in an interview. Consent will be documented by signature. After review of the IAC health record, only eligible older adults (e.g., aged 75+, CGA completed, GFI≥4; Sample 1C) will be contacted again to arrange an interview.
Proxy consent, if required: The nurse will assess cognition as part of the regular standard of care during the CGA. If the nurse is concerned about the older adults' capacity to consent to the research study based on the Mini-Cog assessment and their clinical judgement, a proxy consent will be sought (i.e., legal representative). In this case, when the nurse introduces the study to the older adult, he/she will also ask if the INSPIRE research team can reach out to their legal representative as well.
The INSPIRE research team will speak to the family member/legal representative and older adult, and will ask for proxy consent. If a proxy has consented for the interview, the interview can also be in presence of the proxy. If the proxy provides consent for the health record review but not for the interview (or if the individual does not want to complete an interview), the proxy will still be invited to complete the interview designed for informal caregivers.
Informal caregiver [sample 2] If an informal caregiver (e.g., family member or neighbour) attended the IAC appointment with an older adult, the older adult will be asked if we could also interview the informal caregiver to gather their perspective on the older adults' experience with the IAC. Given the crucial role informal caregivers play in the care and support of frail older adults who are living at home, it is beneficial to gather the informal caregivers' perspective of the feasibility and acceptability of the IAC appointments and if there were any barriers to participation. If the older adult agrees to an informal caregiver being contacted, the INSPIRE team will contact the informal caregiver to discuss the study procedures, the consent form, and arrange a time for the interview. The consent of the informal caregiver may be by signature, depending on the caregivers' preferences for the interview location.
IAC nurse(s) and social worker [sample 3] The INSPIRE research team (i.e., Implementation Lead) will give the IAC staff an invitation letter see and a consent form, inviting them to participate in regular meetings with the research team during the feasibility study. The purpose of these meetings will be to regularly explore their perceptions of the IAC with regards to adoption and feasibility of the care model, fidelity, and additional implementation strategies needed.
External collaborators [sample 4] As part of the marketing of the IAC, the IAC manager intends to contact external collaborators (i.e., existing community health and social providers who may have collaborated with the IAC staff for care coordination of a visiting older adult, such as GPs or Spitex Nurses) together with the INSPIRE team, reminding them that the IAC and INSPIRE are working together, and that the INSPIRE team may reach out to them separately. The INSPIRE team will then extract the contact information of collaborating external professionals from the IAC health records of participating older adults. INSPIRE will contact the collaborating professionals and send them a study invitation letter and the NoMAD survey by email (or by paper as an alternative option). The NoMAD aims to assess the IAC implementation processes regarding the collaboration for care coordination. It does not collect any identifying information and only summarized results will be reported.
Study procedures
Recruitment feasibility and strategies- external processes: INSPIRE will monitor all IAC promotion activities (e.g., # of letters sent, # of meetings with external groups) and respondents (e.g., # of Hospitals who administer flyers to their staff) at the end of each month during the feasibility study, which will be provided by the IAC.
Recruitment feasibility and strategies- internal processes: In March 2022, when the feasibility study starts, the IAC administration will provide the INSPIRE research team with summarized administrative data (demographic and IAC use data about all visitors or home appointments) (sample 1A). As part of regular practice, when an older adult arrives at the IAC (or has an appointment at home), they will be asked to complete the standard client information forms and a IAC health record will be created.
If the individual is eligible (e.g., home-based older adult aged 64+ with a IAC health record; see criteria for Sample 1B), the IAC nurse will invite them to participate in the INSPIRE Feasibility Study. The IAC nurse will provide the original invitation to the study, while the INSPIRE research team will explain the study, the consent form and conduct the data collection. Proxy consent will be asked for if indicated by the IAC Nurse. Participation in this portion of the feasibility study entails completing an informed consent form and allowing the INSPIRE research team to extract data from their IAC health record to assess fidelity (based on the assessments conducted) and capture variables which describe the sample. The INSPIRE team will review the IAC health records of participating older adults (sample 1B) each week and once at the end of the study to complete the fidelity tool.
The informed consent form (described above) also specifies that the individual may be invited to participate in an interview, as the research team will interview a nested sample (sample 1C) of 8-12 older adults. If the older adult is eligible for an interview based on review of their IAC health record (e.g., aged 75+, had a GFI ≥4 and had a CGA), the INSPIRE team will follow-up with the older adult to invite them for the interview. The interview will be approximately 45 minutes and will take place in the IAC or the older adult's home within two-weeks after their second appointment, to gather their perceptions of the care model.
At the end of the interview, if an informal caregiver attended the appointment with the older adult, the older adult will be asked if we could invite the informal caregiver for an interview as well (to understand if the informal caregiver perceives the IAC care model to be acceptable and feasible, and if they identify any barriers/facilitators for the older adults' participation in the care model). The INSPIRE team will then reach out to the informal caregiver to provide the study information and consent.
If a proxy has provided consent for the health record review but not for the interview (or if the older adult does not want to complete an interview), the proxy will still be invited to complete the interview designed for informal caregivers.
External providers who are identified in the IAC health records and collaborate with the IAC will also be asked to complete one questionnaire, the NoMAD, at the end of the feasibility study, via an email link to the survey or alternatively in-paper (according to preferences).
Throughout the feasibility study, regular meetings will be held with the IAC staff, and one consensus meeting will be held with IAC staff at the end of the feasibility study.
All data related to the feasibility study will be collected within 2-3 months. Therefore, data collection will end at the latest by May 31st, 2022.
Data collection or extraction:
Recruitment feasibility data
IAC health records (of study participants only)
Interview notes and audio recordings with older adults (and informal caregiver, if possible)
Meeting logs and audio recordings of meetings with IAC Nurse(s) and social worker
NoMAD questionnaire for collaborating health and social care providers
Statistical analysis plan Sample size
Quantitative analysis of feasibility study Descriptive statistics (e.g., mean, median and SD) and frequencies will be calculated and reported to describe the data on recruitment feasibility, participant demographics, study fidelity and survey results.
Qualitative analysis of interviews in the feasibility study Qualitative data from the interviews with participating older adults (as well as their informal caregivers, if possible) will be analyzed using rapid qualitative analysis, as described by Hamilton (42). Two INSPIRE researchers will participate in the interview and take notes on a pre-structured meeting log consistent with the conceptual model domains. A template will be prepared a priori with the main topics to summarize the researchers' meeting notes (42). These notes will be coded, analyzed for themes, and further analyzed using a matrix analysis (42). Interviews will also be audio recorded should further verification or transcription be needed. The main actionable findings will be shared to guide further implementation in real time.
Qualitative analysis of meeting logs in the feasibility study Qualitative data from the meeting logs with the IAC nurse(s) and social worker will be analyzed using rapid qualitative analysis (42), following a similar procedure as described above.
Handling of missing data Missing data will be documented and patterns analyzed. Quality measures
Data Storage:
Data recording and source data
Data sources:
Recruitment feasibility data:
IAC health records: the research team will use an electronic case report form (eCRF) for each enrolled older adult in Castor. The older adult will be assigned a unique code (e.g., location - gender - number; "LEIMM1"), to ensure the data is pseudonymized. The first section of the eCRF will include the relevant health-related information to report participant characteristics. The second section of the eCRF will include the fidelity data, based on a review of the IAC health record to document the completed assessments and processes. The eCRF will be filled in by 1 or 2 INSPIRE research team member(s) (i.e., the Implementation Lead or a Research Assistant).
Older adult interviews: the researchers' interview notes will be written by hand, scanned and uploaded as an attachment to the eCRF. There will be no identifiable information on the interview notes and only the unique code will be used. If an older adults' informal caregiver also participates in the interview, the written notes will be uploaded as an attachment in the eCRF. The interviews will also be audio recorded.
Meeting logs with IAC staff: One eCRF will be completed for each meeting. The researchers' notes obtained through the meetings with IAC staff will be written by hand, scanned and uploaded as an attachment. Demographic data of the IAC staff, which are collected once, (i.e., years of experience and education) will be typed into the eCRF.
Questionnaires of external care professionals: The NoMAD questionnaire will be administered via e-mail using a LimeSurvey link (or alternatively available via paper, if requested), and the results stored within LimeSurvey (which have no identifiable information). If any copies are completed by paper, a PhD student or Master's student/research assistant from INSPIRE will enter the survey results directly into LimeSurvey.
For data and query management, monitoring, and reporting, CASTOR EDC will be utilized. This internet-based secure database is developed in agreement with the Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines. The researchers will assure that all data in the course of the study will be entered completely and correctly in this respective database. Access, editing and other corrections in the Castor eCRFs will only be performed by other authorized research team members (i.e., PhD students, Implementation Lead). In case of corrections, the original data entries will be archived in the system and can be made visible. For all data entries and corrections, the date, time of day and person who is performing the entries will be generated automatically. This will ensure that any authorized person who may perform data entries and changes in the eCRF can be identified.
Older adults (1A)
All older adults visiting/contacting the Information and Advice Center
Older adults (1B)
Inclusion criteria:
Aged 64 years or older (as this is the statutory retirement age for women in Switzerland and the minimum age of the group we expect to use the Fachstelle services) Living at home German or English-speaking Providing Individual/Proxy Informed Consent (See "3A Informed Consent - Older adult"/"3B Informed Consent -Relative").
Had a Fachstelle health record created
Exclusion criteria:
Residing in a nursing home or planned permanent admission to a nursing home Receiving end-of-life care
Older adults (1C)
Inclusion criteria:
Aged 75 years or older Living at home Living in the participating care region Leimental English or German-speaking Groningen Frailty Indicator [GFI] ≥4 If the older adult had a CGA by the IAC staff Providing Individual/Proxy Informed Consent (See 3A "Informed Consent - Older adult"/ 3B "Informed Consent -Relative")
Exclusion criteria:
Residing in a nursing home or planned permanent admission to a nursing home Receiving end-of-life care Participation in another study with health-related interventions within the 30 days preceding or during the present study GFI < 4 If the older adult did not have a CGA by the IAC staff
Informal caregivers (2)
Inclusion criteria:
Individuals who attended a IAC appointment (in the center or at home) with a participating older adult.
The older adult must agree for the INSPIRE research team to contact the informal caregiver.
Exclusion criteria:
Individuals who did not attend a IAC appointment with a participating older adult or who were not present in a home visit by IAC staff (as the interview questions focus on their perception of the IAC's feasibility and acceptability) Any individuals whom the older adult did not agree for the INSPIRE research team to be contacted
IAC nurse and social worker (3)
Inclusion criteria:
• Individuals employed by the IAC BPA Leimental as a Nurse or Social Worker
Exclusion criteria:
• Other individuals employed by the IAC BPA Leimental (e.g., Administration)
External collaborators (4)
Inclusion criteria:
• Individual health or social care providers who are indicated in the IAC health record as having worked together with the IAC nurse(s) or social worker in the care coordination of a participating older adult
Exclusion criteria:
• Individual health or social care providers who have not contributed to the coordination of care with the IAC staff for a participating older adult