This study aims to assess the effectiveness of new neurostimulation techniques in patients with eating disorders.

The primary aim of our proposal is to test a reduction in symptoms of alteration of eating behaviors, such as always thinking about food or binge eating, in a sample of 30 patients, aged between 18 and 65, with diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa or Binge Eating Disorder. Of these patients, 10 will undergo to a protocol of vagal transcutaneous stimulation in the ear (tVNS) and targeted cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-E), another 10 to a protocol of transcranial magnetic stimulation (rtms) and CBT-E and another 10 to a protocol of only tergeted CBT-E, comparing the results obtained in the three groups under study. Secondary purposes of this project are the assessment of the effects of auricular vagal transcutaneous stimulation and of transcranial magnetic stimulation on depressive symptoms associated with eating disorder, on the inflammatory profile, on cardiovascular autonomic control, neuronal excitability, functional connectivity and on the quality of life of these patients.

In order to achieve the objectives of this research project, we will perform a national, interventional on a medical device, monocentric study, controlled in 3 parallel and randomized groups with a 1:1:1 allocation ratio. 30 patients will be recruited at the Day Hospital of the Psychiatry Unit of the Fondazione.

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of new neurostimulation techniques in patients with eating disorders.

To date, the management of these disorders is still difficult and few treatments have proven their effectiveness. According to most guidelines, management is typically multidisciplinary. The best validated and most frequently used treatment is the cognitive behavioral therapy enanched (CBT-E), a highly individualized psychological treatment designed to treat all diagnostic categories of eating disorders, addressing the common cognitive-behavioural mechanisms of maintaining shared and evolving psychopathology of eating disorders.

For Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and Binge Eating Disorder (BED), the serotoninergic antidepressants are the most frequently used pharmacological option (considering the frequent recurrence of depressive symptoms in comorbidity in the clinical population with eating disorders), which may improve symptoms in the medium term, but not allow complete remission. In this context, the development of alternative therapeutic strategies is crucial. Recently, several studies have described the important contribution of neurostimulation techniques (such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS)). Following the proven effectiveness, both rTMS and VNS have received official approval for the treatment of depression in Europe and United States. Neuroimaging studies have revealed that both of these neurostimulation techniques modulate the frontal-vagal network, the one with a top-down mechanism (rTMS) and the other with a bottom-up mechanism (VNS).

The neuromodulation influencing the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) and the emotional/alimentary behavior, would offer an alternative (or complementary) intervention to psychotropic drugs and different psychological and nutritional approaches. Studies in the literature, conducted on patients with BN and BED, showed a significant improvement in symptomatology, in terms of "binge eating", after rTMS stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Instead, the effectiveness of vagal stimulation in the treatment of ED lies in the fact that the vagus nerve plays a fundamental role in mood and appetite regulation. Human studies report how tVNS stimulation produces a reduction in the effect of food cravings. Moreover, currently, in patients with ED, the determined effects of vagal non-invasive neurostimulation have not been compared with the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Therefore, the primary aim of our proposal is to test a reduction in symptoms of alteration of eating behaviors, such as always thinking about food or binge eating, in a sample of 30 patients, aged between 18 and 65, with diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa or Binge Eating Disorder, according to the diagnostic criteria of DSM-V, and with a psychopathological framework of depression in comorbidity (cut-off ≥ 8 of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAM-D). Of these patients, 10 will undergo to a protocol of vagal transcutaneous stimulation in the ear (tVNS) and targeted cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-E), another 10 to a protocol of transcranial magnetic stimulation (rtms) and targeted cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-E) and another 10 to a protocol of only tergeted cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-E), comparing the results obtained in the three groups under study. Secondary purposes of this project are the assessment of the effects of auricular vagal transcutaneous stimulation and of transcranial magnetic stimulation on depressive symptoms associated with eating disorder, on the inflammatory profile, on cardiovascular autonomic control, neuronal excitability, functional connectivity and on the quality of life of these patients.

In order to achieve the objectives of this research project, we will perform a national, interventional on a medical device, monocentric study, controlled in 3 parallel and randomized groups with a 1:1:1 allocation ratio. 30 patients will be recruited at the Day Hospital of the Psychiatry Unit of the Fondazione.

Patients will be assigned by randomization to 3 different groups/treatments:

• tVNS+CBT-E group: 10 patients will be instructed to perform tVNS at home for 4 non-consecutive hours per day for 12 weeks with the tVNS VITOS device (already used in the Fondazione for the study tVNS2019 approved by the Milan Area 2 Ethics Committee on 19.02.2019 and with code 158_2019bis);
• rTMS+CBT-E group: 10 patients will participate in a total of 20 rTMS sessions lasting 40 minutes (5 sessions per week for 4 weeks) that will take place at the Day Hospital of the Psychiatry Unit of the Fondazione;
• CBT-E only group: 10 patients will proceed with only targeted cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-E), following the CBT-E protocol CG Fairburn - 2010.

During the screening visit, provided by normal clinical practice, the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder will be verified through a structured clinical interview planned for DSM-5 and personality disorders (by administration of the SCID-5 CV and PD scales by the physician). All patients will then be evaluated during 5 extra standard care visits. At each visit dietary behavior and any depressive symptoms will be evaluated through scales validated in Italian (Eating Disorder Examination, Eating Disorder Inventory, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Beck Depression Inventory); cardiovascular variables will be recorded during clinostatism and orthostatism; a resting EEG and a during acute administration of transcranial magnetic stimulation EEG (TMS-EEG) will be recorded; participants will be asked to self-compile 2 questionnaires on the quality of life linked to health; finally a blood sample will be taken for the analysis of the inflammatory profile. For each patientd an Holter-ECG will be recorded lasting 72h following each visit. All the devices used in the study have already been purchased with university funds and have been taken over, labelled and coded by the Clinical Engineering of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano.

Inclusion Criteria: patients diagnosed with Bulimia Nervosa or Binge Eating Disorder, according to the diagnostic criteria of DSM-V, with a psychopathological framework of depression in comorbidity (cut-off ≥ 8 of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAM-D), aged between 18 and 65 years.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Previous TMS sessions with significant side effects;
• Conditions leading to an increased risk of epilepsy or side effects in the context of transcranial magnetic stimulation (including personal or family history of epilepsy, cerebral ischemic events, neurological pathologies, neurosurgical interventions, orthopedic or vascular interventions in the head-neck district, major head trauma, migraine or severe headache);
• Presence of pacemakers, defibrillators, infusion pumps, neurostimulation implants (DBS, VNS), endovascular implants in the head-neck district, cochlear implants, cerebrospinal shunts, metal implants in the head-neck area ;
• Exposure to penetration of metal chips in the head-neck area;
• Presence of non-removable metal in the head-neck area (including tattoos, permanent make-up, piercing, excluding dental implants);
• Unstable sinus rhythm at ECG (Pace-Maker rhythm, atrial fibrillation, supra-/ventricular extrasystole);
• Chronic intake of β-blocker;
• Heart, respiratory, renal or hepatic failure and immunosuppression;
• Current hospitalization;
• State of pregnancy or lactation;
• Vestibular or balance problems;
• Positive personal history of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder;
• Substance or alcohol abuse in the last 6 months;
• Positive personal history of intellectual disability ("mental retardation");
• Refusal of informed consent by the patient.

Personnel responsible for HRV analysis and determination of inflammatory biomarker levels will be blinded.