Contingency management (CM) is a behavioral intervention that involves incentivizing participants for target behaviors in a clinical setting. When applied to the treatment of substance use disorders, it has demonstrated efficacy in reducing the number of urine toxicology screens positive for illicit substances and increased engagement in treatment programs. However, there is a need to translate CM treatment to primary care settings. This study will implement and assess a CM program for patients with opioid use disorder, with or without comorbid stimulant use disorder, initiating outpatient addiction medicine services at a family medicine residency clinic. Eligible patients will earn monetary incentives for attending addiction medicine appointments and abstaining from substances during outpatient treatment. Data gathered from this pilot program will be used to improve patient outcomes, treatment, and retention for persons receiving medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs) in a primary care setting.

Inclusion Criteria:

• At least 18 years of age
• Diagnosis of Opioid Use Disorder and/or Stimulant Use Disorder
• Recently initiated medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs) at Broadway Family Medicine (BFM), within 2 weeks of recruitment
• Have an active prescription for buprenorphine-naloxone (Suboxone)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Prescription for an amphetamine would exclude patients from the abstinence-based CM, but they could participate in the attendance-only CM.
• Dementia, development disabilities, or cognitive functioning that is too low to participate in study measures, as determined by chart review and consultation with overseeing physician.