had a form of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) adapted for use with insomnia (EFT-I)

received a Sleep Hygiene Education (SHE) intervention

Patients were randomized into two equal groups of 30 participants each. One group received a Sleep Hygiene Education (SHE) intervention

The tool consists of 19 items from which seven components covering different aspects of sleep are computed to produce one composite global score. These are sleep latency asking about how long it takes to fall asleep, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency measuring the percentage of sleep time of total bedtime, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, daytime dysfunction, in addition to overall subjective sleep quality. Each item is weighted on a 0-3 interval scale, with a higher score indicating worse quality. The global PSQI score is then calculated by totaling the seven component scores, providing an overall score ranging from 0 to 21, where lower scores denote a healthier sleep quality. For categorical analysis, the total score in dichotomized into good sleep quality (total score <=5), and poor sleep quality (total score >5) [15].

The Geriatric Depression Scale 15-item version. It also helps in the assessment of the severity of these symptoms and in treatment follow-up. we applied the modifed 15-question shorter version as proposed by Sheikh and Yesavage 1986, and its validity was put in evidence. The tool has 15 items such as: "Are you basically satisfied with your life?", "Do you often get bored?"," Do you feel happy most of the time?", "Do you think that most people are better off than you are?". The response to each item is either Yes or No. These are scored 1 and zero respectively. The scoring was reversed for positive items so that a higher score indicates more severe depression. The scores of the items are summed-up giving a total score ranging from 0 to 15. For categorical analysis, the total score in dichotomized into: no depression (total score <=5), and depression (total score >5). The validated Arabic version of this tool was used in the present study.

The third tool was the Satisfaction with Life (SWL) scale. This tool was developed by Diener et al. [23], to assess a person's to overall subjective feeling of satisfaction with his/her life. The tool consists of five items such as "In most ways my life is close to my ideal", "If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing." The responses are on a 7-point Likert type scale ranging from "strongly disagree' to "strongly agree." These are scored from one to seven. The scores of the items are summed-up giving a total score ranging from 5 to 35. For categorical analysis, the total score in dichotomized into: dissatisfied (total score 5-20), and satisfied (total score 21-35). Research demonstrated high tool validity and reliability [24, 25]. Arabic version of this tool was used in the present study.

The validity of this Scale according to Cronbach's alpha was 0.87