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The investigators' previous research has shown that children exposed to media characters with guns in movies and video games are more likely to use real guns themselves (e.g., touch them, hold them, pull the trigger). This research tests whether exposure to a gun safety video a week before the study can help counteract dangerous behavior around guns.
Guns are prominent in movies that target children. An analysis of top selling films found that the depiction of guns in violent scenes in PG-13 films that target youth has increased from the level of G and PG files in 1985 when the rating was introduced, to the level of R films by 2005, to exceed the level of R films since 2012, a trend that has continued.
Research in the investigator's lab has shown that children are more likely to use guns (e.g., handle them, pull the trigger) after exposure to movie characters who use guns. The investigators replicated this study using video games, and also found that children who had taken a gun safety course were less likely to engage in dangerous behavior around firearms. However, it is difficult to draw causal inferences about the gun safety course because children were not randomly assigned to take or not take a gun safety course.
The present research will aim to reduce dangerous behavior around firearms by first exposing participants to a gun safety video recorded by The Ohio State University Chief of Police. The control video is about car safety. Children will see the videos about a week before they come into the lab.
In the lab, children will be tested in pairs. They will first watch a film clip from one of two different PG rated films, either in its original form (with guns) or with the guns edited out. After exposure to the film, participants will be placed in a room with toys, including two real unloaded guns that have been modified for safety and include a trigger pull counter.
The study uses 2 (gun safety video vs. car safety video) X 2 (movie with guns vs. movie without guns) between-subjects factorial design.
The investigators predict that children will be less likely to engage in dangerous behavior around real firearms after viewing the gun safety video than those who viewed the car safety video, even if they see a movie with guns in the lab.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gun safety vid x Movie clip - guns present | Experimental | Participants in this condition will view a gun safety video featuring The Ohio State University Chief of Police about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. |
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| Gun safety vid x Movie clip - guns absent | Active Comparator | Participants in this condition will view a gun safety video featuring The Ohio State University Chief of Police about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure with the guns edited out. |
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| Seatbelt safety video x Movie clip - guns present | Active Comparator | Participants in this condition will view a seatbelt safety video about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. |
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| Seatbelt safety video x Movie clip - guns absent | Active Comparator | Participants in this condition will view a seatbelt safety video about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gun handling behavior | Behavioral | Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Behavioral: Gun Location | Trained research assistants, blind to video game condition and experimental hypotheses, will independently code the play session videos. Coders will identify whether the participants found the handguns, how long the participants held the handgun, and whether or not they pulled the trigger. | 20 minutes play session |
| Behavioral: Gun Location Response - Told Adult | If the participants found the handguns, the coders will identify whether the participants told an adult. | 20 minutes play session |
| Behavioral: Gun Location Response - Touched Gun | If the participants found the handguns, the coders will identify whether the participants touched the handgun. | 20 minute play session |
| Behavioral: Gun Holding Time | If participants handle the gun, coders will record how long the gun was held. | 20 minutes play session |
| Behavioral: Trigger Pulled | When the gun was handled, this measures whether or not the participant(s) pulled the trigger. | 20 minute play session |
| Number of Trigger Pulls | The two guns hidden in the playroom contain sensors that count how often the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. A counter on the weapon displays the number of pulls, which will be entered into a data file along with the observational data described below. Observational data will also be used to confirm trigger pull counts. Note: This measure includes all 216 participants who found the handguns. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Attitudes Toward Guns | Participants will complete a post-test questionnaire that collects data on the child's attitudes towards guns. Questionnaire is a 15-item attitudes towards guns survey (e.g., "I don't like being around people with guns because someone could end up getting hurt"; 0=strongly disagree to 4=strongly agree | After 20 minutes play session, 5 minute questionnaire |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Brad J Bushman, PhD | Ohio State University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Ohio State University | Columbus | Ohio | 43201 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37459089 | Derived | Kjaervik SL, Bushman BJ. Effect of a Gun Safety Video on Children's Behavior Around Real Guns: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2023 Sep 1;177(9):903-910. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.2397. |
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Deidentified data will be shared upon request
After the manuscript is accepted for publication. No expiration date.
Data will be open and available to all who want to examine them.
Of the 245 children assessed for eligibility, 19 were excluded: 13 did not arrive at the lab; 2 filled out forms incorrectly; 2 had a defective recording; 2 did not respond to follow-up.
An additional 10 participants were excluded from final analyses due to not finding the guns in the laboratory.
216 participants were included in the final analyses.
Participants were recruited via Facebook ads, ResearchMatch, and referrals by parents/guardians.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Gun Safety Vid x Movie Clip - Guns Present | Participants in this condition will view a gun safety video featuring The Ohio State University Chief of Police about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
| FG001 | Gun Safety Vid x Movie Clip - Guns Absent | Participants in this condition will view a gun safety video featuring The Ohio State University Chief of Police about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure with the guns edited out. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
| FG002 | Seatbelt Safety Video x Movie Clip - Guns Present | Participants in this condition will view a seatbelt safety video about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
| FG003 | Seatbelt Safety Video x Movie Clip - Guns Absent | Participants in this condition will view a seatbelt safety video about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Seatbelt Safety Video x Movie Clip - Guns Absent | Participants in this condition will view a seatbelt safety video about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Behavioral: Gun Location | Trained research assistants, blind to video game condition and experimental hypotheses, will independently code the play session videos. Coders will identify whether the participants found the handguns, how long the participants held the handgun, and whether or not they pulled the trigger. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 20 minutes play session |
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Each participant was called two weeks after the date of the study and given a follow-up survey.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Seatbelt Safety Video x Movie Clip - Guns Absent | Participants in this condition will view a seatbelt safety video about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Brad Bushman | The Ohio State University | 614-688-8779 | bushman.20@osu.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_ICF | Yes | No | Yes | Study Protocol and Informed Consent Form | Jan 14, 2022 | Jan 20, 2022 | Prot_ICF_000.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Apr 5, 2023 | Apr 5, 2023 | SAP_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000294 | Adolescent Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003419 | Crisis Intervention |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
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Participants are randomly assigned to watch a safety video about guns or a safety video about seatbelts.
Participants are then randomly assigned to watch a movie containing guns, or a movie not containing guns.
Outlier data will be excluded in analysis.
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Participants did not know which condition they were in. Participants' parents were aware of the deception (hidden gun) and what condition their children were in (gun safety or seatbelt safety; movie with or without guns). Research personnel knew conditions as well. Research assistants who transcribed recorded laboratory sessions did not know what condition they were coding (eg. what type of movie participants watched)
Research assistants coding the recorded observational data will be blind to the conditions of the participants they are coding, as well as the experimental hypotheses of the study.
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| Debriefing | Other | Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
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| 20 minutes play session |
| Gun Pointing With Trigger Pull | Trained research assistants, blind to video game condition and experimental hypotheses, will independently code the play session videos. If participants pulled the trigger, were they pointing the gun at themselves or their partners? Calculations done using all participants who found a firearm. | 20 minute play session |
| BG001 | Seatbelt Safety Video x Movie Clip - Guns Present | Participants in this condition will view a seatbelt safety video about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
| BG002 | Gun Safety Vid x Movie Clip - Guns Absent | Participants in this condition will view a gun safety video featuring The Ohio State University Chief of Police about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure with the guns edited out. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
| BG003 | Gun Safety Vid x Movie Clip - Guns Present | Participants in this condition will view a gun safety video featuring The Ohio State University Chief of Police about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
| BG004 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
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| Trait Aggressiveness | Scale taken from: Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). The development of direct and indirect aggressive strategies in males and females. In K. Björkqvist & P. Niemelä (Eds.), Of mice and women: Aspects of female aggression (pp. 51-64). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-102590-8.50010-6 Responses: 1 - rarely; 2 - sometimes; 3 - often 8 items, score range: 8-24 Higher score: higher aggression | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
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| Gun ownership | Participants' parents/guardians were asked if they had a gun in the home. | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Estimated interest in guns | Prior to coming to the lab, parents/guardians provided demographic information and estimated their child's interest in guns (0=not at all interested to 4=very interested) | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
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| Age-appropriate movies | Favorite Media Questionnaire Dillon KP, Bushman BJ. Effects of exposure to gun violence in movies on children's interest in real guns. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(11):1057-1062 Children gave their three favorite films and frequency of watching. Films were coded by MPAA ratings, then sorted into age-appropriate or age-inappropriate. The two measures were multiplied and averaged. Frequency: 1 - rarely, 2 - sometimes, 3 - often. Rating: 0 - Age appropriate (G or PG), 1 - Age inappropriate (PG13+). Scale range: 0 - 3, higher values mean more consumption of age inappropriate media. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
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| OG001 | Seatbelt Safety Video x Movie Clip - Guns Present | Participants in this condition will view a seatbelt safety video about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
| OG002 | Gun Safety Vid x Movie Clip - Guns Absent | Participants in this condition will view a gun safety video featuring The Ohio State University Chief of Police about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure with the guns edited out. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
| OG003 | Gun Safety Vid x Movie Clip - Guns Present | Participants in this condition will view a gun safety video featuring The Ohio State University Chief of Police about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. |
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| Primary | Behavioral: Gun Location Response - Told Adult | If the participants found the handguns, the coders will identify whether the participants told an adult. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 20 minutes play session |
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| Primary | Behavioral: Gun Location Response - Touched Gun | If the participants found the handguns, the coders will identify whether the participants touched the handgun. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 20 minute play session |
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| Primary | Behavioral: Gun Holding Time | If participants handle the gun, coders will record how long the gun was held. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | seconds | 20 minutes play session |
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| Primary | Behavioral: Trigger Pulled | When the gun was handled, this measures whether or not the participant(s) pulled the trigger. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 20 minute play session |
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| Primary | Number of Trigger Pulls | The two guns hidden in the playroom contain sensors that count how often the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. A counter on the weapon displays the number of pulls, which will be entered into a data file along with the observational data described below. Observational data will also be used to confirm trigger pull counts. Note: This measure includes all 216 participants who found the handguns. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Trigger pulls | 20 minutes play session |
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| Primary | Gun Pointing With Trigger Pull | Trained research assistants, blind to video game condition and experimental hypotheses, will independently code the play session videos. If participants pulled the trigger, were they pointing the gun at themselves or their partners? Calculations done using all participants who found a firearm. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Trigger pulls | 20 minute play session |
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| Secondary | Attitudes Toward Guns | Participants will complete a post-test questionnaire that collects data on the child's attitudes towards guns. Questionnaire is a 15-item attitudes towards guns survey (e.g., "I don't like being around people with guns because someone could end up getting hurt"; 0=strongly disagree to 4=strongly agree | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | After 20 minutes play session, 5 minute questionnaire |
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| 0 |
| 50 |
| 0 |
| 50 |
| 0 |
| 50 |
| EG001 | Seatbelt Safety Video x Movie Clip - Guns Present | Participants in this condition will view a seatbelt safety video about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. | 0 | 58 | 0 | 58 | 0 | 58 |
| EG002 | Gun Safety Vid x Movie Clip - Guns Absent | Participants in this condition will view a gun safety video featuring The Ohio State University Chief of Police about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure with the guns edited out. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. | 0 | 60 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 60 |
| EG003 | Gun Safety Vid x Movie Clip - Guns Present | Participants in this condition will view a gun safety video featuring The Ohio State University Chief of Police about a week before coming into the lab. In the lab, they will watch a ~20 minute clip of either The Rocketeer or National Treasure featuring guns. Gun handling behavior: Children will play in an observed room for 20 minutes. Aside from a selection of toys, two real handguns will be placed in a drawer. The handguns have been modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handgun contains no bullets. Instead, it contains a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is pulled with sufficient force to discharge the gun. This allows us to distinguish reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who handle the gun but do not pull the trigger Debriefing: Children and their parents will be debriefed on the actual purpose of the study, including the role of the safety video and how the movie clips were edited. | 0 | 58 | 0 | 58 | 0 | 58 |
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