The shorter version of the UPSIT smell test (The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test) was used to evaluate hyposmia using twelve cards, each with a different smell.

defined as a fall of at least 20 mmHg systolic or at least ten mmHg diastolic blood pressure by 3 min of active standing or head-up tilt

evaluate the cognitive and mental aspects associated with PD. A Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of 26 and above was considered normal

The NeuroTrax computerized battery (www.neurotrax.com) includes seven sections: memory, executive function, attention, information processing speed, visual-spatial, verbal function, and motor skills

self-administered questioner including 21 questions used to screen, diagnose, and measure the severity of depression.

evaluates executive dysfunction

Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is an important risk factor in the diagnosis of PD. The REM questionnaire was completed by the participant.

assessing daytime sleepiness includes an eight-question questionnaire scoring between 0 and 24; the higher the score, the higher the chances of dosing off

Perdue pegboard measures the movement of fingers, hands, and arms in 4 different tasks, testing motor abilities and coordination by placing as many pegs and discs on a board in three 30 seconds trials for each subset and three 60 second trials for the assembly subset

measures gross motor function. A score above 6, not including postural and action tremor, was considered abnormal

The Timed Up and Go (iTUG) (EncephaLogTM) is a platform that utilizes smartphones' internal motion sensors for conducting motor evaluation including general walking score, step to step persistency, hand sway and rotation time.

Spontaneous bowel movement frequency was used to define constipation. Urinary and erectile dysfunction were assessed according to the MDS criteria