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The goal of the study is to investigate the feasibility and the effects of a home-based upper-limb rehabilitation treatment (based on teleconsulting, telemonitoring, and robotic telerehabilitation using the robot Icone and integrated sensors) in patients with stroke.
Stroke is the second leading cause of death, the third leading cause of disability in the world and the leading cause of disability in the elderly. Rehabilitation treatment is a long and costly process, the effectiveness of which is supported by strong scientific evidence. In recent years, technology has spread to the rehabilitation field and, to date, the use of rehabilitation robotics, in addition to conventional treatment, is recommended by some stroke guidelines. The coronavirus pandemic has required a reorganization of rehabilitation services, but also an enhancement of technology as a tool in the rehabilitation field that can allow treatment in compliance with social distancing. Many scientific works have in fact confirmed the usefulness of these approaches to overcome the limits imposed by the pandemic, in particular for the treatment of disabilities in stroke patients.
The rehabilitation robot Icone (CE marked medical device, Class II-A, produced by Heaxel), is a device with certification for home use and therefore suitable for telerehabilitation. The proposed study aims to test the feasibility of rehabilitation treatment in a home setting based on a system of telecounseling, telemonitoring and robotic telerehabilitation using the robot Icone and integrated sensors for patients with stroke, to overcome the limits imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Patients undergo robotic telerehabilitation treatment, carried out at home. The patient is supervised by a caregiver and, remotely, by a multidisciplinary team thanks to the use of webcams and sensors embedded in the robot. The evaluations, through clinical scales and instrumental evaluations, are carried out both in presence (at the enrollment and the end of the study) and remotely (before the first telerobotic rehabilitation session, in the middle and after the last telerobotic rehabilitation session). The study is included in the Regional Smart Specialization Strategy (S3 - Biorobotics for rehabilitation) for business & life continuity and co-financed by the European Union through LazioInnova
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Robotic group | Experimental | In the robotic group, each patient undergoes 20 upper limb robotic telerehabilitation sessions, each session lasting 1 hour. The frequency is 5 sessions/week. Each session is performed at the patient's home, with direct supervision of a caregiver and remote supervision of a physical therapist, using three webcams able to show (a) the frontal and (b) the sagittal plane of the patient, as well as (c) the monitor of the robot. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robotic rehabilitation | Device | The upper limb rehabilitation will be carried out with the planar rehabilitation robot Icone (a CE Class IIA medical device manufactured by Heaxel). The proposed exercises require the patient to move a cursor on the screen using the end-effector of the robot to reach specific points (planar reaching exercises). When the patient is able to perform these exercises independently, the robot assists the movement by minimizing the interaction force applied to the hand and limiting itself to acquiring the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the exercise, which are useful in determining the state of motor skills. Icone assist the subject by applying a force to his hand that helps him complete the task in the phases where the patient plans the movement correctly but is unable to complete it. As a result, the system will enable you to perform planar elbow and shoulder movements in active, passive, or active-assisted modes, with visual and acoustic feedback. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in Fugl-meyer Assessment Upper Extremity motor functioning | It is a stroke-specific, performance-based impairment index. It ranges from 0 (hemiplegia) to 66 points (normal). | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Reliability of the remote evaluation of the Fugl-meyer Assessment Upper Extremity motor functioning (FMA) | The value of the FMA obtained by means of online observation of the patient will be assessed in terms of reliability with the value obtained by means of direct observation, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. | Before the intervention |
| System Usability Scale | It is a self-administered questionnaire to evaluate usability. It ranges from 0 to 100. Higher scores mean better usability. | After a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) | It is a self-administered questionnaire to evaluate the acceptance of the provided intervention. It comprises several questions rated on a 7-point likert scale. | After a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Likert for Satisfaction | Satisfaction will be assessed using a 11-point likert scale. It ranges from 0 to 10. Higher scores mean higher satisfaction. | After a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in Fugl-meyer Assessment Upper Extremity motor functioning | t is a stroke-specific, performance-based impairment index. It ranges from 0 (hemiplegia) to 66 points (normal). | Before the intervention, after a 2-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in Fugl-meyer Assessment - Sensory functioning |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Irene Aprile, D, PhD | Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ETS | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Santa Maria della Provvidenza Center | Rome | 00168 | Italy |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40269913 | Derived | Germanotta M, Mauro MC, Falchini F, Scotto Di Luzio F, Vollero L, Zollo L, Aprile IG. A robotic rehabilitation intervention in a home setting during the Covid-19 outbreak: a feasibility pilot study in patients with stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2025 Apr 24;22(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s12984-025-01633-9. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020521 | Stroke |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002561 | Cerebrovascular Disorders |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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It is a stroke-specific, sensory impairment index. It ranges from 0 (worse) to 12 points (best). |
| Before the intervention, after a 2-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in Fugl-meyer Assessment - Sensory functioning | It is a stroke-specific, sensory impairment index. It ranges from 0 (worse) to 12 points (best). | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in Numeric Rating Scale for pain | The Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) is a subjective measure in which individuals rate their pain on an eleven-point numerical scale, from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). | Before the intervention, after a 2-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in Numeric Rating Scale for pain | The Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) is a subjective measure in which individuals rate their pain on an eleven-point numerical scale, from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Independence Index | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represent the ratio between the minor and major axes of the ellipse best fitting the hand path in Cartesian coordinates during a circle drawing task. | Before the intervention, after a 2-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Independence Index | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represent the ratio between the minor and major axes of the ellipse best fitting the hand path in Cartesian coordinates during a circle drawing task. | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Area Index [m2] | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represent the area of the ellipse best fitting the hand path in Cartesian coordinates during a circle drawing task. | Before the intervention, after a 2-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Area Index [m2] | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represent the area of the ellipse best fitting the hand path in Cartesian coordinates during a circle drawing task. | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Path Index [mm] | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the mean distance of the travelled path from the ideal path during a point-to-point (reaching) task | Before the intervention, after a 2-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Path Index [mm] | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the mean distance of the travelled path from the ideal path during a point-to-point (reaching) task | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Movement Duration index [t] | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the mean time required to perform a movement during a point-to-point (reaching) task | Before the intervention, after a 2-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Movement Duration index [t] | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the mean time required to perform a movement during a point-to-point (reaching) task | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Peak speed index [m/s] | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the maximum value of the speed during a point-to-point (reaching) task | Before the intervention, after a 2-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Peak speed index [m/s] | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the maximum value of the speed during a point-to-point (reaching) task | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Mean speed index [m/s] | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the mean value of the speed during a point-to-point (reaching) task | Before the intervention, after a 2-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Mean speed index [m/s] | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the mean value of the speed during a point-to-point (reaching) task | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Smoothness index | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the ratio between the mean and the maximum value of the speed during a point-to-point (reaching) task | Before the intervention, after a 2-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Smoothness index | It is a kinematic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the ratio between the mean and the maximum value of the speed during a point-to-point (reaching) task | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Hold index [m] | It is a kinetic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the mean value of the displacement of the end-effector of the robot when the patient is required to hold it in the middle of the workspace against centrifugal forces aimed to move the end-effector toward the targets. It decreases when the patient's strength increases. | Before the intervention, after a 2-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Hold index [m] | It is a kinetic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the mean value of the displacement of the end-effector of the robot when the patient is required to hold it in the middle of the workspace against centrifugal forces aimed to move the end-effector toward the targets. It decreases when the patient's strength increases. | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Displacement index [m] | It is a kinetic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the mean value of the displacement of the end-effector of the robot when the patient is required to move it toward the eight targets against a centripetal force that try to hold it in the middle of the workspace. It increases when the patient's strength increases. | Before the intervention, after a 2-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Changes in the Displacement index [m] | It is a kinetic index computed by means of the robotic device. It represents the mean value of the displacement of the end-effector of the robot when the patient is required to move it toward the eight targets against a centripetal force that try to hold it in the middle of the workspace. It increases when the patient's strength increases. | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Reliability of the remote evaluation of the Independence Index | The reliability of the index obtained by the patient using the robot at home will be assessed in terms of reliability with the value obtained by the patient using the robot in the clinic, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. | Before the intervention |
| Reliability of the remote evaluation of the Area Index | The reliability of the index obtained by the patient using the robot at home will be assessed in terms of reliability with the value obtained by the patient using the robot in the clinic, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. | Before the intervention |
| Reliability of the remote evaluation of the Path Index | The reliability of the index obtained by the patient using the robot at home will be assessed in terms of reliability with the value obtained by the patient using the robot in the clinic, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Reliability of the remote evaluation of the Movement Duration index | The reliability of the index obtained by the patient using the robot at home will be assessed in terms of reliability with the value obtained by the patient using the robot in the clinic, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. | Before the intervention, after a 4-week robotic rehabilitation intervention |
| Reliability of the remote evaluation of the Smoothness index | The reliability of the index obtained by the patient using the robot at home will be assessed in terms of reliability with the value obtained by the patient using the robot in the clinic, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. | Before the intervention |
| Reliability of the remote evaluation of the Peak speed index | The reliability of the index obtained by the patient using the robot at home will be assessed in terms of reliability with the value obtained by the patient using the robot in the clinic, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. | Before the intervention |
| Reliability of the remote evaluation of the Mean speed index | The reliability of the index obtained by the patient using the robot at home will be assessed in terms of reliability with the value obtained by the patient using the robot in the clinic, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. | Before the intervention |
| Reliability of the remote evaluation of the Hold index | The reliability of the index obtained by the patient using the robot at home will be assessed in terms of reliability with the value obtained by the patient using the robot in the clinic, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. | Before the intervention |
| Reliability of the remote evaluation of the Displacement index | The reliability of the index obtained by the patient using the robot at home will be assessed in terms of reliability with the value obtained by the patient using the robot in the clinic, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient.It increases when the patient's strength increases. | Before the intervention |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |