Study on Opioid-free Anesthesia Protocol With S-ketamine and Propofol

Efficacy and Safety of Opioid-free Anesthesia With Propofol Combined With S-ketamine in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: a Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled, Non-inferiority Clinical Study (SKOF - LC)

The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of opioid-free anesthesia with S-ketamine on postoperative analgesia and perioperative hemodynamics in short surgical operations, and to explore the effects of S-ketamine on postoperative awakening time and extubation time, nausea and vomiting, hypoxemia, and delirium.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged from 18 years to 65 years
2. American society of anesthesiologists physical status classification I-II
3. Patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy
4. Willing to sign informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Allergic to narcotic drugs;
2. Surgical history within the past 1 month;
3. patients with neurological diseases or mental disorders;
4. Unable to understand numerical rating Scale (NRS);
5. patients with untreated or poorly controlled hypertension (arterial hypertension, resting systolic/diastolic blood pressure over 180/100mmHg);
6. patients with untreated or undertreated hyperthyroidism;
7. Patients with unstable angina pectoris or myocardial infarction in the past 6 months;
8. When intraocular pressure is high (glaucoma) and penetrating ocular trauma, intraocular pressure cannot rise.