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Swallowing is a set of functions that start with the acceptance of food and end with its delivery to the stomach. One of the most important problems associated with swallowing disorders is insufficient airway closure and the risk of aspiration. It is due to the inadequacy of laryngeal elevation that should occur during swallowing. Suprahyoid muscles are the most basic structures responsible for laryngeal elevation. Insufficient activation of the suprahyoid muscles causes insufficient laryngeal elevation.
The suprahyoid muscles consist of a group of muscles located in the anterior region of the neck between the hyoid bone and the mandible. The muscles which forming SH muscles m. digastricus, m. stylohyoideus, m. mylohyoideus and m. geniohyoideus muscles work as a group. SH muscles play a primary role in controlling hyoid bone movement during swallowing due to their relationship with the hyoid bone. It has been reported that the muscle with the highest potential to move the hyoid anteriorly is the geniohyoid muscle, and the mylohyoid muscle has the highest potential to move the hyoid in the superior direction. In addition, in another study, it was stated that since the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles have greater structural potential than other SH muscles for anterior and superior displacement of the hyoid, respectively. By understanding the potential for hyoid excursion arising from the structural properties of these muscles, therapists can target specific muscles with exercises designed to promote hyolaryngeal elevation.
Exercises such as Shaker exercise and resistance chin tuck in the literature either directly involve concentric training of the suprahyoid muscles or indirectly aim to gain strength by strengthening the neck flexors. In the light of the available evidence in the literature, eccentric training is also a viable method in swallowing rehabilitation. In eccentric training, the muscle is positioned by shortening its length. Eccentric training can be done by applying resistance to the jaw while the mouth is open and asking the mouth to be closed in a controlled manner against the resistance. In addition, swallowing exercise can be planned by adjusting the mouth opening and placing the SH muscles at the most appropriate angle to generate force. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of these three different exercises on suprahyoid muscle activation, muscle strength, dysphagia limit and perceived exertion level.
Swallowing is a set of functions that start with the acceptance of food and end with its delivery to the stomach. The oral preparation consists of 4 phases, namely the oral, pharyngeal and esophageal phase. Swallowing disorder (dysphagia) is defined as problems occurring in at least one of the swallowing phases. One of the most important problems associated with swallowing disorders is insufficient airway closure and the risk of aspiration. It is due to the inadequacy of laryngeal elevation that should occur during swallowing. Suprahyoid muscles are the most basic structures responsible for laryngeal elevation. Insufficient activation of the suprahyoid muscles causes insufficient laryngeal elevation.
The suprahyoid (SH) muscles consist of a group of muscles located in the anterior region of the neck between the hyoid bone and the mandible. The muscles which forming SH muscles m. digastricus, m. stylohyoideus, m. mylohyoideus and m. geniohyoideus muscles work as a group. SH muscles play a primary role in controlling hyoid bone movement during swallowing due to their relationship with the hyoid bone. It has been reported that the muscle with the highest potential to move the hyoid anteriorly is the geniohyoid muscle, and the mylohyoid muscle has the highest potential to move the hyoid in the superior direction. In addition, in another study, it was stated that since the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles have greater structural potential than other SH muscles for anterior and superior displacement of the hyoid, respectively, these two muscles can be targeted for neuromuscular stimulation preferably. Studies have also shown that exercise can increase motor unit involvement for certain functions. By understanding the potential for hyoid excursion arising from the structural properties of these muscles, therapists can target specific muscles with exercises designed to promote hyolaryngeal elevation.
Interventions to protect the airway in case of swallowing disorder are aimed at increasing the hyolaryngeal elevation. SH muscles provide elevation of the hyolaryngeal complex and also support the opening of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). The cricopharyngeal muscle, which opens the UES, is opened by the contraction of the SH muscles and the anterior-superior traction of the hyoid and larynx. Insufficient elevation of the hyoid and larynx causes insufficient opening of the UES, resulting in an increase in the amount of pharyngeal residue and the risk of aspiration. Superior hyolaryngeal excursion during swallowing is thought to contribute to airway protection, preventing aspiration. Anterior hyalaryngeal excursion is thought to be associated with the patency of the UES. Exercises such as Shaker exercise and resistance chin tuck in the literature either directly involve concentric training of the suprahyoid muscles or indirectly aim to gain strength by strengthening the neck flexors.
Shaker Exercises were the first exercise developed to increase suprahyoid muscle activation. This exercise, which is characterized by raising the patient's head in the supine position, has been accepted as one of the most basic exercises in dysphagia rehabilitation for many years. In the following years, the Chin Tuck Against Resistance (CTAR) exercise was developed due to the challenging protocol and positional discomfort of the Shaker exercise. In the CTAR exercise, the patient is asked to press a standard size and inflatable ball, which he puts under his chin, towards his sternum. CTAR has become the most commonly used exercise in dysphagia rehabilitation. In the light of the available evidence in the literature, eccentric training is also a viable method in swallowing rehabilitation. In eccentric training, the muscle is positioned by shortening its length. Eccentric training can be done by applying resistance to the jaw while the mouth is open and asking the mouth to be closed in a controlled manner against the resistance. In addition, swallowing exercise can be planned by adjusting the mouth opening and placing the SH muscles at the most appropriate angle to generate force. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of these three different exercises on suprahyoid muscle activation, muscle strength, dysphagia limit and perceived exertion level.
H0 Hypothesis: There is no difference between CTAR, Shaker and Eccentric Chin Closure exercises in terms of suprahyoid muscle activation, suprahyoid muscle strength, dysphagia limit and perceived exertion level in healthy individuals.
H1 Hypothesis: There is a difference between CTAR, Shaker and Eccentric Chin Closure exercises in terms of suprahyoid muscle activation, suprahyoid muscle strength, dysphagia limit and perceived exertion level in healthy individuals.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shaker | Experimental | Shaker exercises consist of isotonic and isometric contractions of the neck flexor muscles. Participants will be asked to lie on their back with their knees straight. Participants will first wait for 60 seconds by lifting their head and looking at their feet. He will repeat the movement three times in total, resting for 60 seconds in between. Then, the participants will raise their heads again, look at the toes, and put their head back on the bed without waiting. By repeating this movement 30 times in total, the exercise program will be completed. Individuals will perform this exercise, which consists of isometric components to be repeated 3 times and isotonic components to be performed once, in 3 times per day. |
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| Chin Tuck Against Resistance | Experimental | In this exercise, participants have to place an inflatable ball with a diameter of 12 cm between their chin and sternum. This exercise has two subcomponents, isotonic and isometric. In the isometric component, individuals must compress the ball with maximum force between their chin and sternum, hold for 60 seconds, and rest for 60 seconds. One should repeat this isometric component 3 times. In the isotonic parameter, on the other hand, the participants must slowly squeeze the ball between their chin and sternum 30 times with the maximum force they can do. Participants will perform the exercise in an upright sitting position on a back-supported chair. Individuals will perform this exercise, which consists of isometric components to be repeated 3 times and isotonic components repeated 10 times in 3 setsand 3 times per day. |
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| Eccentric Chin Closure | Experimental | This exercise will be performed in the form of closing the chin against the manual resistance to be given from the tip of the mandible, starting from the maximum voluntary mouth opening. In this way, eccentric contraction will be created as the suprahyoid muscles will move from the shortest position to the longest position with resistance. Participants will perform the exercise by maintaining the upright posture in the upright sitting position on the back-supported chair. Volunteers will perform this exercise with 10 repetitions in 3 sets and 3 times per day. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise Training | Other | Exercise training will be applied 3 times a day for 8 weeks. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle Activation | In our study, dual-channel DELSYS Trigno Duo sensors integrated into the software called DELSYS Trigno Lite System will be used. While measuring voluntary muscle activations in the superficial emg device, the values taken will be recorded in microvolts. For superficial emg recording, the high filter pass will be calculated as 20 Hz, the low filter pass as 2 kHz, and the received signal will be amplified 200 times. The signal transition interval will be set to 20 mV. | Change from baseline muscle activation at 4 weeks and 8 weeks |
| Muscle Strength | Individuals participating in the study will be asked to sit on their backs in an upright position at 90 degrees. Participants' heads will be fixed in a neutral position to prevent possible cervical flexion movement. The head of the digital dynamometer named Jtech Medical Industries Commander Muscle Testing 7633s, which is compatible with the chin area, will be placed under the chin of the participant and the participant will be asked to open his mouth vigorously for 10 seconds against the resistance. This movement will be repeated 3 times, with a 60-second listening period in between. And the maximum and average values taken will be recorded in Newtons. | Change from baseline muscle strength at 4 weeks and 8 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Dysphagia Limit | Individuals participating in the study will be asked to drink water in 1 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml, 20 ml, 25 ml and 30 ml glasses, respectively. Electricity and sound signals received during drinking water will be followed. The amount of water that people cannot drink in a single swallow (laryngeal elevation) will be determined as the dysphagia limit of that person. This will be decided if the electrical and sound signals received during swallowing the determined amount of water (simultaneously) occur more than once. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Dischart Criteria
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Emre CENGIZ, MSc, PhD(c) | Hacettepe University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hacettepe University | Ankara | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 19227198 | Background | Sonoda N, Tamatsu Y. Observation on the attachment of muscles onto the hyoid bone in human adults. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 2008 Nov;85(3):79-90. doi: 10.2535/ofaj.85.79. | |
| 22995662 | Background | Pearson WG Jr, Hindson DF, Langmore SE, Zumwalt AC. Evaluating swallowing muscles essential for hyolaryngeal elevation by using muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 Mar 1;85(3):735-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.2370. Epub 2012 Sep 18. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003680 | Deglutition Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004935 | Esophageal Diseases |
| D005767 | Gastrointestinal Diseases |
| D004066 | Digestive System Diseases |
| D010608 | Pharyngeal Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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| Change from baseline dysphagia limit at 4 weeks and 8 weeks |
| Perceived Exertion Level | After the participants are divided into groups, they will be evaluated in terms of perceived exertion level and pain at the beginning of the exercises, at the 4th week and at the end of the study. For this, the Borg Scale will be used. This scale was developed by Borg to measure the effort expended during physical exercise. The most widely used tool to measure perceived exertion or exercise intensity is Borg's perceived exertion scale. It is the adaptation of the patient's verbal fatigue level at rest and after exertion to the scale. The scale is between 6 and 20. While 6 patients did not feel any fatigue or strain, 20 corresponded to the highest level of fatigue. | Change from baseline perceived exertion level at 4 weeks and 8 weeks |
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| D010038 | Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases |