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Introduction: Stress experienced during pregnancy can increase fear of childbirth, cause negative perinatal outcomes, and adversely affect the maternal-infant attachment process. This study was conducted to determine the effect of haptonomy applied to pregnant women on perceived stress, fear of childbirth, and prenatal attachment.
Methods: The population of the randomized controlled experimental study consisted of 72 primiparous pregnant women within the gestational weeks 22-28 who presented to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Polyclinic of a state hospital in Turkey for check-up (36 experimental subjects, 36 control subjects).
Background: Stress experienced during pregnancy can increase fear of childbirth, cause negative perinatal outcomes, and adversely affect the maternal-infant attachment process.
Aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of haptonomy applied to pregnant women on perceived stress, fear of childbirth, and prenatal attachment.
Methods: The population of the randomized controlled experimental study consisted of 72 primiparous pregnant women within the gestational weeks 22-28 who presented to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Polyclinic of a state hospital in Turkey for check-up (36 experimental subjects, 36 control subjects). A home visit was made to the experimental group, and haptonomy was applied for at least 30 minutes, once a week, for 7 weeks (with the researcher for 3 weeks, with the husband by providing the training brochure and video that will help the practice for the next 4 weeks). The control group did not receive any treatment. Data were collected at the first, third, and seventh weeks using the Pregnancy Description form, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire version A (W-DEQ-A), and the Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI). Number and percentage distribution, chi-square test, t test, Mann-Whitney U test, repeated measures, two-way analysis of variance, Friedman test, and Cohen d test were used in the evaluation of the data.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Haptonomy Group | Experimental | A home visit was made to the experimental group, and haptonomy was applied for at least 30 minutes, once a week, for 7 weeks (with the researcher for 3 weeks, with the husband by providing the training brochure and video that will help the practice for the next 4 weeks). |
|
| Standard of care Group | No Intervention | The control group did not receive any treatment. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haptonomy | Behavioral | Haptonomy, as a field dealing with emotional contact through touch, describe the relationship between parents and the unborn baby. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | The PSS is a validated, The scale consists of 10 items, each item receives 1,2,3,4,5 points in turn and is evaluated over total score. Total score ranges from 10-50, and an increase in the score indicates an increase in perceived stress level. | Baseline |
| Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire version A (W-DEQ-A) | The W-DEQ-A is a validated,to determine the level of birth fear experienced by pregnant women.Answers in the scale are numbered from 0 to 5 and are in a six-point Likert type. The minimum score that can be obtained from the scale is 0, and the maximum score is 165. | Baseline |
| Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) | The PSS is a validated, explain thoughts, feelings, and situations experienced by woman during pregnancy and to determine the level of attachment to infant in prenatal period. Each item is of a four-point Likert type, with a score between 1 and 4. A minimum score of 21 and a maximum score of 84 can be obtained from the scale. Increase in the score obtained by pregnant indicates that level of attachment also increases. | Baseline |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | The PSS is a validated, The scale consists of 10 items, each item receives 1,2,3,4,5 points in turn and is evaluated over total score. Total score ranges from 10-50, and an increase in the score indicates an increase in perceived stress level. | Week 3 |
| Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire version A (W-DEQ-A) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | The PSS is a validated, The scale consists of 10 items, each item receives 1,2,3,4,5 points in turn and is evaluated over total score. Total score ranges from 10-50, and an increase in the score indicates an increase in perceived stress level. | Week 7 |
| Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire version A (W-DEQ-A) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
• Multiparity
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Sükran Ertekin Pinar | Cumhuriyet University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sukran Ertekin Pinar | Sivas | 58140 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22260727 | Background | Korukcu O, Kukulu K, Firat MZ. The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ) with pregnant women. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2012 Apr;19(3):193-202. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01694.x. Epub 2012 Jan 20. | |
| 8470375 | Background | Muller ME. Development of the Prenatal Attachment Inventory. West J Nurs Res. 1993 Apr;15(2):199-211; discussion 211-5. doi: 10.1177/019394599301500205. No abstract available. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Adam, E. M. (2012). L' haptonomie Un projet pour une naissance. Published online. | View source |
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There is not a plan to make IPD available.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
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The W-DEQ-A is a validated,to determine the level of birth fear experienced by pregnant women.Answers in the scale are numbered from 0 to 5 and are in a six-point Likert type. The minimum score that can be obtained from the scale is 0, and the maximum score is 165. |
| Week 3 |
| Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) | The PSS is a validated, explain thoughts, feelings, and situations experienced by woman during pregnancy and to determine the level of attachment to infant in prenatal period. Each item is of a four-point Likert type, with a score between 1 and 4. A minimum score of 21 and a maximum score of 84 can be obtained from the scale. Increase in the score obtained by pregnant indicates that level of attachment also increases. | Week 3 |
The W-DEQ-A is a validated,to determine the level of birth fear experienced by pregnant women.Answers in the scale are numbered from 0 to 5 and are in a six-point Likert type. The minimum score that can be obtained from the scale is 0, and the maximum score is 165. |
| Week 7 |
| Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) | The PSS is a validated, explain thoughts, feelings, and situations experienced by woman during pregnancy and to determine the level of attachment to infant in prenatal period. Each item is of a four-point Likert type, with a score between 1 and 4. A minimum score of 21 and a maximum score of 84 can be obtained from the scale. Increase in the score obtained by pregnant indicates that level of attachment also increases. | Week 7 |
| 27821151 | Background | Veringa IK, de Bruin EI, Bardacke N, Duncan LG, van Steensel FJ, Dirksen CD, Bogels SM. 'I've Changed My Mind', Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting (MBCP) for pregnant women with a high level of fear of childbirth and their partners: study protocol of the quasi-experimental controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Nov 7;16(1):377. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-1070-8. |
| 6668417 | Background | Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983 Dec;24(4):385-96. No abstract available. |
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| D008722 | Methods |