The study aim is to diagnose patients with the rumination syndrome defined by the Rome IV criteria and to treat them with behavioral therapy consisting of diaphragmatic breathing exercises and physiotherapy to relax tensed abdominal and thoracic muscles.

Before referral to the study, gastroscopy, esophageal hgh-resolution manometry and 24-hour esophageal pH and impedance monitoring are required to rule out other esophageal conditions.

Twenty Finnish speaking, 15-70 years old patients will be enrolled in this open study. All patients will visit the gastroenterologist at onset of the study and at 6 months. All patients will be referred to the speech therapist for five one-hour sessions consisting of diaphragmatic belching exercises and to the physiotherapist for two one-hour sessions consisting of exercises to relax tensed thoracic and abdominal muscles. All patients will also visit once the psychologist and dietician.

Symptoms will be evaluated by the Rome IV questionnaire for adult functional gastrointestinal diseases at onset and at the 6-month control. Health-related quality of life, depression, anxiety, functional capacity will be evaluated by specific questionnaires at onset of the study and at the 6-month control. Esophageal high-resolution manometry will be performed at the 6-month control.

Background: Rumination is a subconscious but a volitional, behavioral disorder. Contraction of the abdominal muscles results in an increase of abdominal pressure and a subsequent regurgitation of recently ingested food, followed by rechewing, reswallowing or spitting (1). The diagnosis is based on the Rome IV criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders and esophageal high-resolution manometry (1, 2). Behavioral therapy consisting of diaphragmatic breathing exercises has proven efficient in these patients (3, 4). Psychophysical physiotherapy was effective in a published patient case (5).

Aim: The study aim is to diagnose patients with rumination syndrome defined by the Rome IV criteria and to treat them with behavioral therapy. The primary aim is a reduction of two points ore more in the rumination frequency measured by the Rome IV questionnaire for adult functional gastrointestinal diseases (6). Secondary aims are improved esophageal high-resolution manometry, health-related quality of life, and functional capacity and reduced anxiety and depression scores.

Patients: 20 Finnish speaking, 15-70 years old patients with rumination symptoms fulfilling the Rome IV criteria will be enrolled in this open study. Before referral to Helsinki University Central Hospital, gastroscopy, esophageal high-resolution manometry and esophageal 24-hour pH and impedance monitoring are required. Adolescents of 15 to 17 years old are referred to the childrens' gastroenterologist and adults 18 years or older are referred to the gastroenterologist. The inclusion criteria consist of rumination symtoms fulfilling the Rome IV criteria but esophageal high-resolution manometry may be negative because rumination cannot be always provoked during the study.The exclusion criteria comprise eating disorder, BMI <14, pregnancy, cognitive or other disorder that disallows behavioral therapy

Methods: Symptoms will be evaluated by the Rome IV questionnaire for adult functional gastrointestinal diseases in all patients. Health-related quality of life will be evaluated by 15D, a 15-dimensional measure of health-related quality of life, depression by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), anxiety by the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and functional capacity by WHODAS 2.0, World Health Organization disability assesment schedule 2.0 in the patients 18 years or older (7-10). In the patients 15-17 years old, health-related qualiy of life will be evaluated by 16D, a sixteen-dimensional health-related measure for adolescents (11). All questionnaires will be carried out at the onset of the study and at the 6-month control. Esophageal high-resolution manometry will be performed at the 6-month control.

After the baseline visit to the gastroenterologist, patients will be sent to the speech therapist for five, one-hour sessions consisting of diaphragmatic breathing exercises and to a psychophysical physiotherapist for two one-hours sessions aiming at body-awareness to sense tensed thoracic and abdominal muscles and to relax them through guided exercises. Patients will continue these exercises at home during meals. All patient l visit the psychologist and dietician once to rule out eating disorders and other psychopathological conditions and will be referred to the psychiatrist when necessary. Esophageal high-resolution manometry will be performed at the 6-month control.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Rome IV criteria for rumination syndrome fulfilled
• gastroscopy, esophageal HR-manometry and 24-hour pH-impedance monitoring performed before referral to study

Exclusion Criteria:

• eating disorder, BMI <14, pregnancy, cognitive or other disorder that disallows behavioral therapy

6 months

Adverse events were not assessed systematically but possible arverse effects were registered at the 6-month control.

The patient sample is very small, although we actively recruited patients for two years from the Helsinki University Central Hospital area covering 1.7 million people. This was an open study without any control group, but it would have been both difficult to create an alternative therapy for randomization and unethical given that the patients had difficult rumination occurring most days of the week.