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Many structures and organs are adversely affected after COVID-19. The most obvious and common problem is lung involvement. In the pathology report of the patients, it has been shown that there are changes such as diffuse alveolar damage, bronchiolitis and interstitial fibrosis. The most prominent effect of COVID-19 in patients with reduced lung functions is reduced diffusion capacity. While the disease severity worsens, pulmonary fibrosis becomes more pronounced in cases. The complaints of dyspnea and fatigue of patients after discharged continue. Inspiratory and expiratory respiratory muscle weakness are observed in more than 50% of patients with COVID-19, measured in the first month after the discharged. This respiratory muscle weakness is associated with myopathy due to hypoxemia, oxygen support, prolonged bed rest and corticosteroid use, regardless of disease severity.
It is seen that these patients with COVID-19 need exercise training because of lung involvement, decreased exercise capacity and persistence of some symptom complaints after the discharged.
Patients with COVID-19 have not only reduced respiratory capacity, but also diminished muscle strength, exercise capacity, weakness cardiac system. In parallel with aforementioned, physical activity level and quality of life get worse in this patients. Therefore, the patients with COVID-19 need exercise training after the discharged. In the literature, the achievement of exercise training in many aspects such as exercise capacity, lung health, respiratory muscle strength, dyspnea has been proven in many diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure.
Effects of high-intensity interval aerobic exercise training on oxygen consumption, muscle oxygenation, physical activity level, pulmonary function, functional exercise capacity, respiratory and peripheral strength, inspiratory muscle endurance, functional status, dyspnea, fatigue perception and quality of life have not been investigated in literature in patients with COVID-19. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 patients for training group and 15 patients for control group will be included. All assessments will be completed in two days before and after eight weeks training.
Primary outcome measurement will be oxygen consumption (cardiopulmonary exercise test).
Secondary outcome will be muscle oxygenation (Moxy device), physical activity level (multi sensor activity device), pulmonary function (spirometer), functional exercise capacity (six-minute walk test), respiratory (mouth pressure device) and peripheral muscle (hand-held dynamometer) strength, inspiratory muscle endurance (incremental threshold loading test), functional status (Post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale), dyspnea (London Chest Daily Living Activity Scale), fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale) and quality of life (Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Training Group | Experimental | Training group will receive high-intensity interval aerobic exercise training on treadmill accompanied by physiotherapist for 8 weeks. |
|
| Control Group | Sham Comparator | Breathing exercises will be given to control group as a home program for 8 weeks. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High-intensity interval aerobic exercise training | Other | High-intensity interval aerobic exercise training will be given to training group on treadmill 3 days in a week and 15-45 minutes in a day for 8 weeks with the assistance of a physiotherapist. The training workload of the active phase of high-intensity interval aerobic exercise training will be applied at 80-100% of peak oxygen consumption or 85-95% of peak heart rate or according to Borg scale dyspnea/fatigue 15-18 points. The training workload of the active recovery phase of high-intensity interval aerobic exercise training will be applied at 50-60% of peak oxygen consumption or 60-75% of peak heart rate or according to Borg scale dyspnea/fatigue 11-13 points. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Oxygen consumption | Maximal exercise capacity will be assessed with symptom limited cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill at a progressively increasing speed and grade. Oxygen consumption will be measured during the test. | First day |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle Oxygenation | Muscle oxygenation will be measured with 'Moxy' muscle oxygenation device during cardiopulmonary exercise test and six-minute walk test. Measurements will be done over quadriceps femoris, locally. Local muscle oxygen saturation and total hemoglobin amount will be assessed during the both tests. | First and second day |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Patients with
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meral Boşnak GÜÇLÜ, Prof. Dr | Contact | +903122162647 | meralbosnak@gazi.edu.tr | |
| Ece BAYTOK, MsC | Contact | +903122162647 | ecebaytok@gazi.edu.tr |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ece BAYTOK, MsC | Gazi University | Study Chair |
| Başak Kavalcı KOL, MsC | Gazi University | Principal Investigator |
| Nilgün Yılmaz DEMİRCİ, Assoc.Prof |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Clinic | Recruiting | Ankara | 06560 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32172546 | Result | Yao XH, Li TY, He ZC, Ping YF, Liu HW, Yu SC, Mou HM, Wang LH, Zhang HR, Fu WJ, Luo T, Liu F, Guo QN, Chen C, Xiao HL, Guo HT, Lin S, Xiang DF, Shi Y, Pan GQ, Li QR, Huang X, Cui Y, Liu XZ, Tang W, Pan PF, Huang XQ, Ding YQ, Bian XW. [A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimal invasive autopsies]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2020 May 8;49(5):411-417. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20200312-00193. Chinese. | |
| 32512021 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000086382 | COVID-19 |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011024 | Pneumonia, Viral |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
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Triple-blind study; the patients will not be informed about their groups (training group or the control group) and they will be evaluated and trained at different places and times.
Evaluations and interventions will be performed different physiotherapist. In addition, before statistical analysis patients' groups will be coded.
|
| Control Group | Other | Breathing exercises will be given to the control group 120 times in a day and 7 days in a week for 8 weeks as a home program. The control group will be followed-up by telephone once a week. |
|
| Physical activity level |
Physical activity level will be evaluated with multi sensor activity device. Patients will be asked to wear the device for five consecutive days on weekdays. |
| Second day |
| Pulmonary function | Dynamic lung volumes and diffusion capacity will be evaluated by using a spirometry according to the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society criteria. | Second day |
| Functional exercise capacity | Six-minute walk test will be used to evaluate functional exercise capacity. The test will be done according to American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society criteria. | Second day |
| Respiratory muscle strength | Respiratory muscle strength will be assessed with mouth pressure device. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure will be measured during the test. | Second day |
| Peripheral muscle strength | Quadriceps femoris and shoulder abduction muscle strength will be measured by using hand-held dynamometer. | Second day |
| Inspiratory muscle endurance | Inspiratory muscle endurance will be measured incremental threshold loading test, in which patients started an initial load of 30% of maximal inspiratory pressure and test load will be increased with among 10% of maximal inspiratory pressure every 2 minutes. | Second day |
| Functional status | Functional status of patients after COVID-19 will be evaluated with Post COVID-19 Functional Status Scale (PCFS), which was developed specifically for COVID patients. Limitation and improvement in the functional status of patients after COVID could be assessed with this scale. Functional status were graded from 0 (no functional limitations) to 4 (severe functional limitations) in the scale. | First day |
| Dyspnea perception | Dyspnea perception during the daily living activities will be evaluated by using London Chest Daily Living Activity Scale. The highest total score could be obtained from the scale was 75, which indicates significant limitation in daily living activities due to dyspnea perception. | First day |
| Fatigue | Fatigue will be assessed with Fatigue Severity Scale (Turkish version). This scale includes 9 items and each item scores from 1 (strong disagreement) to 7 (strong agreement) point. Fatigue Severity Scale total score is calculates by deriving an arithmetic mean. Cut-score of over 4 means significant fatigue and higher score indicates more severe fatigue. | First day |
| Life Quality | Quality of life will be assessed with Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) (Turkish version). This questionnaire scores range from 0 to 100. The total highest score indicates poor quality of life. | Second day |
| Borg Scale | Borg Scale will be used to assess dyspnea and fatigue perception of patients during the exercise training. This scale was graded between 6 (no exertion at all) and 20 (maximal exertion). | During exercise training |
| Modified Borg Scale | Modified Borg Scale will be used to assess dyspnea and fatigue perception of patients during cardiopulmonary exercise training and six-minute walk test. This scale was graded between 0 (nothing at all) and 10 (very very hard). | During the exercise tests |
| Gazi University |
| Principal Investigator |
| Meral Boşnak GÜÇLÜ, Prof. Dr | Gazi University | Study Director |
|
| Result |
| You J, Zhang L, Ni-Jia-Ti MY, Zhang J, Hu F, Chen L, Dong Y, Yang K, Zhang B, Zhang S. Anormal pulmonary function and residual CT abnormalities in rehabilitating COVID-19 patients after discharge. J Infect. 2020 Aug;81(2):e150-e152. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.003. Epub 2020 Jun 5. No abstract available. |
| 32600344 | Result | Huang Y, Tan C, Wu J, Chen M, Wang Z, Luo L, Zhou X, Liu X, Huang X, Yuan S, Chen C, Gao F, Huang J, Shan H, Liu J. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on pulmonary function in early convalescence phase. Respir Res. 2020 Jun 29;21(1):163. doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01429-6. |
| 32381497 | Result | Mo X, Jian W, Su Z, Chen M, Peng H, Peng P, Lei C, Chen R, Zhong N, Li S. Abnormal pulmonary function in COVID-19 patients at time of hospital discharge. Eur Respir J. 2020 Jun 18;55(6):2001217. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01217-2020. Print 2020 Jun. |
| 33490928 | Result | Raman B, Cassar MP, Tunnicliffe EM, Filippini N, Griffanti L, Alfaro-Almagro F, Okell T, Sheerin F, Xie C, Mahmod M, Mozes FE, Lewandowski AJ, Ohuma EO, Holdsworth D, Lamlum H, Woodman MJ, Krasopoulos C, Mills R, McConnell FAK, Wang C, Arthofer C, Lange FJ, Andersson J, Jenkinson M, Antoniades C, Channon KM, Shanmuganathan M, Ferreira VM, Piechnik SK, Klenerman P, Brightling C, Talbot NP, Petousi N, Rahman NM, Ho LP, Saunders K, Geddes JR, Harrison PJ, Pattinson K, Rowland MJ, Angus BJ, Gleeson F, Pavlides M, Koychev I, Miller KL, Mackay C, Jezzard P, Smith SM, Neubauer S. Medium-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on multiple vital organs, exercise capacity, cognition, quality of life and mental health, post-hospital discharge. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Jan 7;31:100683. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100683. eCollection 2021 Jan. |
| D014777 |
| Virus Diseases |
| D018352 | Coronavirus Infections |
| D003333 | Coronaviridae Infections |
| D030341 | Nidovirales Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D008722 | Methods |