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Total cholesterol levels and other lipids are associated with violence in psychiatric patients. There is a paucity of studies on preventive interventions. In this study, an integrated multimodal lifestyle intervention (MLifeI) for management of repetitive violence in schizophrenia is proposed. A controlled clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of MLifeI on management of repetitive violence through regulation of serum lipids, TC in particular, to the recommended levels in schizophrenia. The investigators examined whether the MLifeI could: 1. regulate or balance lipid profiles; 2. reduce violence risk; 3. improve impulsivity; and 4. improve general cognitive functioning.
Total cholesterol levels and other lipids are associated with violence in psychiatric patients. There is a paucity of studies on preventive interventions. In this study, an integrated multimodal lifestyle intervention (MLifeI) for management of repetitive violence in schizophrenia is proposed. A controlled clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of MLifeI on management of repetitive violence through regulation of serum lipids, TC in particular, to the recommended levels in schizophrenia. The investigators examined whether the MLifeI could: 1. regulate or balance lipid profiles; 2. reduce violence risk; 3. improve impulsivity; and 4. improve general cognitive functioning. The multimodal lifestyle intervention included psychoeducation, lifestyle modification and health promotion and exercise. Outcome measures comprised lipid profiles, body mass index and violence-related parameters.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention Group: an integrated multimodal lifestyle intervention (MLifeI) | Experimental | The MLifeI program focused on the roles of health responsibility, review of lipid profile, complications of imbalanced lipid profile, lipid management and nutritional education. |
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| Control group | No Intervention | The control group is the Treatment as Usual (TAU). |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| an integrated multimodal lifestyle intervention (MLifeI) | Other | The MLifeI program focused on the roles of health responsibility, review of lipid profile, complications of imbalanced lipid profile, lipid management and nutritional education. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Weight in kilograms | Clinical Assessment: weight. | Change of weight from baseline and 6 months (3-month follow-up) |
| Height in meters | Clinical Assessment: height. | Change of weight from baseline and 6 months (3-month follow-up) |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Clinical Assessment: Body Mass Index; Weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m^2. The World Health Organisation defines an adult who has a BMI between 25 and 29.9 as overweight - an adult who has a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese - a BMI below 18.5 is considered underweight, and between 18.5 to 24.9 a healthy weight. | Change of weight from baseline and 6 months (3-month follow-up) |
| Routine test in the ward of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein (Change is being assessed, mg/dL) | Lipid profiles. Assessment of serum metabolites. | Change of violence risk from baseline (T1) and 6 months (T3, 3-month follow-up) |
| Violence Risk Screening (Change is being assessed) | Questionnaires of violence. A higher score indicates a higher violence risk. | Change of violence risk from baseline (T1), 3 months (T2, end of treatment), and 6 months (T3, 3-month follow-up) |
| Attribution Questionnaire (Change is being assessed) | Questionnaires of violence attributions. The Attribution Questionnair was applied to measure the participant's internal/external attributions about the causality and likelihood of violence and responsibility for changing the behavior. The measure was rated on a continuum scale from 1 (e.g., not at all likely; not at all able, etc.) to 7 (e.g., totally due to me; totally likely; totally able, etc.). |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mei-Chi Hsu, Ph.D | I-Shou University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-Shou University | Kaohsiung City | Taiwan |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012559 | Schizophrenia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019967 | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| Change of violence risk from baseline (T1), 3 months (T2, end of treatment), and 6 months (T3, 3-month follow-up) |
| Modified Overt Aggression Scale (Change is being assessed) | Questionnaires of aggression frequency. | Change of violence risk from baseline (T1), 3 months (T2, end of treatment), and 6 months (T3, 3-month follow-up) |
| Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (Change is being assessed) | Questionnaires of violence/aggression. The higher the score is, the higher the participant has the violent behavior. | Change of violence risk from baseline (T1), 3 months (T2, end of treatment), and 6 months (T3, 3-month follow-up) |
| Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (Change is being assessed) | Questionnaires of impulsivity. The score ranged from 1 (rarely/never) to 4 (almost always/always). The higher the scores indicates the greater the impulsivity. | Change of violence risk from baseline (T1), 3 months (T2, end of treatment), and 6 months (T3, 3-month follow-up) |
| Mini-Mental State Examination (Change is being assessed) | Questionnaires of cognitive functioning. The MMSE ranged from 0 to 30, where higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. | Change of violence risk from baseline (T1), 3 months (T2, end of treatment), and 6 months (T3, 3-month follow-up) |