Compounded sodium lactate 3 ml/kg/h was given intravenously as a basal rehydration volume before induction, and 200 ml of electrolyte solution was given after induction. If stroke volume (SV) increased >10%, 200 ml of electrolyte solution was continued until SV increased <10%. After fluid shock, if SV increases <10% but MAP <65 mmHg and/or cardiac index (CI) <2.5l/min/m2 give low-dose norepinephrine continuous pumping and/or dobutamine continuous pumping. If hypotension was accompanied by hypovolemia (defined as urine output <0.5 ml /kg/h and/or heart rate (HR) more than 20% above baseline), plasma was administered until urine output and/or heart rate returned to normal. Fluid responsiveness and hemodynamic variables were reassessed at least every 15 minutes, and more frequently in cases of hemodynamic instability.

Continuous infusion of compounded sodium lactate 5-7 ml/kg/h was allowed to receive colloidal solution, norepinephrine and dobutamine at the discretion of the anesthesiologist.

Compounded sodium lactate 3 ml/kg/h was given intravenously as a basal rehydration volume before induction, and 200 ml of electrolyte solution was given after induction. If SV increased >10%, 200 ml of electrolyte solution was continued until SV increased <10%. After fluid shock, if SV increases <10% but mean arterial pressure (MAP) <65 mmHg and/or cardiac index (CI) <2.5l/min/m2 give low-dose norepinephrine continuous pumping and/or dobutamine continuous pumping. If hypotension was accompanied by hypovolemia (defined as urine output <0.5 ml /kg/h and/or heart rate more than 20% above baseline), plasma was administered until urine output and/or HR returned to normal. Fluid responsiveness and hemodynamic variables were reassessed at least every 15 minutes, and more frequently in cases of hemodynamic instability.

Incidence of cardiac complications within 7 days of surgery (myocardial infarction (electrocardiogram (ECG) and/or troponin T serum concentration; new-onset atrial fibrillation)

Incidence of pulmonary complications (pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, oxygenation index <300)

Incidence of Neurological Disorders within 7 days postoperatively (Stroke and Delirium)

defined by acute kidney injury criteria.

postoperative pain

an indicator related to microcirculation perfusion

an indicator related to microcirculation perfusion