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The aim of this study is to compare the effects of two different exercise programs in patients with frozen shoulders.
After being informed about the study, all patients giving written informed and meet the inclusion criteria will be randomized a double-blind manner in a 1:1 (participant and investigator) to graded motor imagery or exercise group.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Graded Motor İmagery | Experimental | Graded Motor İmagery (GMI) group will receive a treatment protocol consisting of Graded Motor Imagery, cold therapy, traditional exercises and home exercises. |
|
| Exercise | Active Comparator | Exercise group will receive training involves mobilizations, stretching, specific exercises for the frozen shoulder. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Graded Motor Imagery | Other | Graded Motor Imagery program will be performed two times a week for six consecutive weeks and will include the following three steps: laterality training, imagined movements, and mirror therapy.
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index at 6th and 8th week | The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) was developed to measure current shoulder pain and disability in an outpatient setting. The SPADI contains 13 items that assess two domains; a 5-item subscale that measures pain and an 8-item subscale that measures disability. | Baseline,6th week and 8th week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline NPRS at 6th and 8th week | The Numerical Rating Scale (NPRS-11) is an 11-point scale for self-report of pain. It is the most commonly used unidimensional pain scale. The respondent selects a whole number (integers 0-10) that best reflects the intensity (or other quality if requested of his/her pain. | Baseline,6th week and 8th week |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Derya Çelik | Istanbul University | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| İstanbul University-Cerrahpasa | Istanbul | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39436270 | Derived | Yasaci Z, Celik D. Does Integration of Graded Motor Imagery Training Augment the Efficacy of a Multimodal Physiotherapy Program for Patients With Frozen Shoulder? A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2025 Apr 1;483(4):707-716. doi: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000003252. Epub 2024 Sep 17. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002062 | Bursitis |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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|
| Exercise | Other | Treatments including traditional physiotherapy approaches; joint mobilizations, stretching, scapula focused exercises etc. |
|
| Change from baseline range of motion at 6th and 8th week | Range of motion is the capability of a joint to go through its complete spectrum of movements. | Baseline,6th week and 8th week |
| Change from baseline QuickDASH at 6th and 8th week | The purpose of the QuickDASH is to use 11 items to measure physical function and symptoms in people with any or multiple musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb. | Baseline,6th week and 8th week |
| Change from baseline two-point discrimination at 6th and 8th week | The two-point discrimination test is used to assess if the patient is able to identify two close points on a small area of skin, and how fine the ability to discriminate this are. It is a measure of tactile agnosia, or the inability to recognize these two points despite intact cutaneous sensation and proprioception. | Baseline,6th week and 8th week |
| Change from Pain Catastrophizing Scale at 6th and 8th week | The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a 13-item self-report measure designed to assess catastrophic thinking related to pain among adults with or without chronic pain. | Baseline,6th week and 8th week |
| Change from SF-12 at 6th and 8th week | The SF-12 is a self-reported outcome measure assessing the impact of health on an individual's everyday life. It is often used as a quality of life measure. | Baseline,6th week and 8th week |