Lack of resources to execute study.

This study will comprise the first pilot clinical trial of 3D, ultrasound-based thermal ablation control using echo decorrelation imaging, directly testing the capability of this approach to ensure reliable tumor treatment. The purpose of this study is to determine the ability of ultrasound echo decorrelation to successfully predict complete ablation of human hepatocellular carcinoma, concomitant diseased liver, and metastatic liver cancer and to determine the potential of echo decorrelation imaging to provide effective real-time control of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in liver tumors.

To rigorously test the feasibility of 3D echo decorrelation imaging to improve the reliability of clinical thermal ablation, decorrelation-controlled ablation will be assessed in a pilot treat-and-resect study. Patients previously scheduled for resection of metastatic liver tumors or benign liver tumors physiologically similar to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (e.g., hepatocellular adenoma or focal nodular hyperplasia) will first undergo radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of their tumors, with real-time, 3D ultrasound echo decorrelation imaging of the treated region performed throughout each ablation. RFA will be performed in the same surgical procedure as the scheduled tumor resection, immediately prior to resection.

Patients will be enrolled in two arms, the first undergoing RFA controlled by the RFA generator using manufacturer-specified algorithms, and the second undergoing RFA with echo decorrelation imaging providing an additional stopping criterion. For both arms, 3D maps of ablation zones will be constructed from stained tissue sections and rigidly registered to volumetric ultrasound images using the known tumor position and orientation relative to the ultrasound image volume. Overall ROC curves for prediction of local treatment will be constructed using point-by-point comparison of 3D echo decorrelation images to the mapped ablation zone.

The ability of echo decorrelation to predict and control clinical thermal ablation of human liver tumors will be directly tested by assessing and statistically comparing outcomes of the two study arms, including ROC curves, ablation volume and rate, and conformity to planned ablation zones.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age ≥18 years.
2. Scheduled for resection of at least one confirmed primary or metastatic liver tumor with estimated diameter <5 cm at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center (UCMC).
3. Patients may have other disease (typically cirrhosis, hepatitis B or hepatitis C) for primary liver cancer patients and extrahepatic cancer (typically colorectal) for metastatic liver cancer patients.
4. Ability to understand and the willingness to sign the written research informed consent document for this study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. The tumor for which the resection is scheduled is greater than or equal to 5 cm in diameter.
2. The tumor for which the resection is scheduled has received: prior ablation; chemoembolization; or, other treatment which in the opinion of the PI would disqualify a patient from participation.
3. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is contra-indicated for safety reasons in the opinion of the PI and/or clinical treatment team according to current standards of care (e.g., tumor adjacent to the heart, bowel, gall bladder, or bile ducts; impaired liver function; implanted cardiac devices).
4. Proceduralist assessment that research-specific radiofrequency ablation or intraoperative ultrasound imaging would cause substantial patient risk.
5. Pregnant women, prisoners, institutionalized individuals, or other individuals from vulnerable populations.
6. Patients who are receiving any other investigational agents. Patients who have received other investigational agents previously who are no longer receiving these investigational agents may be eligible at the discretion of the PI.