The overarching goal of this exploratory research is to understand the dynamic and flexible nature of speech processing in the human supratemporal plane. The temporal lobe has long been established as a region of interest in the speech perception and processing literature because it contains the auditory cortex. More recently, research has localized the supratemporal plane as an area that exhibits response specificity to acoustic properties of complex auditory signals like speech. The supratemporal plane, comprised of Heschl's gyrus, the planum polare, and the planum temporale, is capable of the rapid spectrotemporal analysis required to map acoustic information to linguistic representation. Neural activity in this area, however, is rarely studied directly because it is difficult to access with non-invasive measures like scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Capitalizing on the unique opportunity to access these areas via routine clinical stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) in a patient population, this study seeks to understand how cortical responses reflect the diagnosticity of two acoustic-phonetic dimensions of interest and how responses rapidly and flexibly adapt to changes in listening demands. Examining how neural response to voice onset time (VOT) and fundamental frequency (F0) modulates as a function of perceptual weight carried in signaling phoneme categories, and identifying how changes in listening context shift perceptual weight, will provide invaluable data that indicates how speech processing flexibly adapts to short-term acoustic patterns.

The purpose of this study is to understand the dynamic, flexible nature of speech processing as a function of perceptual weight applied to acoustic-phonetic dimensions within varying listening contexts and demands.

The specific aims of this study are as follows:

1. To establish the neural response to two acoustic-phonetic dimensions as a function of the perceptual weight they carry when signaling phoneme identity.

   Aim 1 will specifically evaluate responses to voice onset time (VOT) and fundamental frequency (F0). Data collected will provide a baseline response for participants.

2. To identify how experimental manipulation of listening context impacts perceptual weighting strategies of VOT and F0.

Aim 2 will evaluate modulation of neural response to the introduction of noise and the introduction of an "accent."

A secondary aim of this study is to use "control" electrodes, which are those placed in clinically necessary regions of the brain but outside of the region of interest for this study (supratemporal plane), to determine if additional regions of the brain are implicated in adaptive plasticity of speech processing.

Speech is the primary means by which we convey our needs, wants, and thoughts to others and the ability to process speech is crucial to our everyday functioning, as well as our ability to establish and maintain relationships. Impairments in speech processing have an undeniable negative impact on individuals and society. While habilitative and rehabilitative strategies exist that can improve auditory processing and quality of life, understanding the exact neural mechanism underlying the human brain's ability to process speech would contribute to a more well-defined means by which to target deficits. This study seeks to understand the regions of the brain involved in speech processing, how those regions analyze specific acoustic-phonetic dimensions, and how the system adapts to successfully process speech in different listening contexts.

Modern electrophysiological techniques have revolutionized research into activity in the human brain, allowing investigators to identify specific regions or patterns of activity associated with various behaviors and sensory experiences. sEEG recordings, which involve intracerebral measurements of neural activity using depth electrodes, are capable of providing unique access to regions of the brain that are otherwise inaccessible with less invasive measurements. Capitalizing on PI Abel's work with pediatric patients undergoing sEEG recording for localization of seizure foci or language mapping, this study will allow researchers to directly study activity in regions that have already been implicated in the literature as crucial to spectrotemporal analysis of complex acoustic signals like speech. These regions within the supratemporal plane (STP) include Heschl's gyrus, the planum polare, and the planum temporale, all of which are uniquely targeted via sEEG.

Existing literature in speech processing has indicated that the mapping of physical input (acoustic signal) to linguistic representation (identification of phonemes or words) is not a static process, but rather highly dependent on listening context. The auditory processing system regularly adapts to changes in signal quality, adverse listening conditions, and short-term deviations from expected and learned regularities in native language input by applying varying importance, or perceptual weight, to specific acoustic-phonetic parameters. This indicates the existence of adaptive plasticity in speech processing, yet existing neurophysiological models do not account for this flexibility in cortical response. Data from pilot EEG and sEEG studies demonstrated that high gamma activity in the STP and behavioral responses were graded by the perceptual weight given to two acoustic-phonetic dimensions, voice onset time (VOT) and fundamental frequency (F0).

The proposed study will contribute to existing knowledge by helping to establish a more detailed model of on-line cortical response and adaptation to changing acoustic signals. It is unique in its accounting for the role that perceptual weight of acoustic-phonetic dimensions play in signaling phonemes and making category-based judgments.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Individuals 15-25 years old
• Undergoing sEEG placement in the supratemporal plane for clinically necessary localization of epileptic foci or language mapping
• Fluent English speakers
• Cognition and speech-language skills within normal limits (as determined by evaluation prior to surgery)
• Normal or correct-to-normal visual acuity
• Normal hearing acuity in each ear (as determined by audiometric assessment)
• No history of autism or ADHD

Exclusion Criteria:

• Individuals with intellectual disabilities
• Abnormal epileptiform activity in the supratemporal plane
• Lack of fluent English comprehension/production
• Severe language or auditory-specific cognitive dysfunction
• History of autism or ADHD

The individual deidentified participant data intended to be shared include the individual participant data that underlie the results to be reported in published articles after deidentification.

Other documents that will be made available include the study protocol and statistical analysis plan.

Data will be available as soon as possible following publication, but no later than one year upon completion. There is no end date.

IPD will be made available for any purpose via open access.

Data will be made available as soon as possible, but no later than one year upon completion of the study.

Our data will be made publicly available online as soon as possible. Data will be easily and widely accessible.

From enrollment until end of active participation in the behavioral task, on average 30-40 minutes.