Participants used a device produced by Maxstar Corp. (Gimpo, South Korea), which specializes in pneumatic compression appliance manufacture. The IPC device (UAM-9306NB) was cleared by National Institute of Medical Device Safety Information (NIDS) of Korea (approval number: 18-4745). This device consists of a six-chamber pneumatic sleeve and a gradient-sequential pneumatic pump.

During the intervention, two programmed modes were used. The first mode, which mimics the MLD massage technique, begins with the inflation of the proximal chamber. After reaching the target pressure, the next chamber consecutively inflates while the initially inflated proximal chamber deflates. The inflation time of each chamber is 3 seconds with holding time of 1 second. The deflation and resting time of each chamber is 7 seconds (pressure setting: 40-60 mmHg). After 30 minutes of the first mode, the second mode, which is the conventional mode of sequential inflation from distal to proximal chambers while sustaining the pressure of the previously inflated chambers, was applied for 30 minutes (pressure setting: 80-100 mmHg, inflation time of each chamber: 6 seconds, holding time: 1 second, deflation time of each chamber: 7 seconds). Participants were instructed to use the IPC device with that 1-hour cycle twice a day for four weeks.

Investigators measured three leg volumes: the distal leg volume (distal volume: from the smallest circumference at the ankle (B-measure) to the calf circumference right below the knee bend (D-measure)), the whole leg volume (limb volume without the foot up to the mid-thigh region (F-measure)), and the proximal leg volume (subtraction of the distal leg volume from the whole leg volume)

Lymphedema Functioning, Disability, and Health Questionnaire for Lower Limb Lymphedema (Lymph-ICF-LL).

Questionnaire contains 28 questions divided into 5 domains: physical function, mental function, general tasks/household activities, mobility activities, and life domains/social life. Each question is scored from 0 (not at all) to 10 (a lot), with lower scores representing better QOL. The total scores and 5 domain scores were calculated by summation.