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The study aims to utilise olfactory stimulation in addition to the visual stimulation in cue reactivity tasks to enhance precision in measuring alcohol based cues in individuals diagnosed with heavy drinking. The study consists of one cue reactivity task with visual stimuli, another cue reactivity task with matching odour/visual stimuli and lastly a monetary incentive delay task.
The intention of the study is to enhance the measurement precision in image-based cue reactivity task by introducing a new level of stimuli in the form of odours. During the course of the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) screening, participants are required to finish three tasks, namely; odour-based cue reactivity task (OCRT), image-based cue reactivity task(ICRT) and monetary incentive delay task (MID).
Participants will be randomly divided into two groups, one group will receive tasks in the following order: OCRT-MID-ICRT and the other group will receive them in the following order: ICRT-MID-OCRT. With this, the habituation effect from receiving odours during OCRT is expected to be balanced.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Olfaction First | Experimental | Participants assigned to this arm will undergo the experiment in the following order: Odour based Cue Reactivity Task, Monetary Incentive Delay Task, Image based Cue Reactivity Task |
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| Image First | Experimental | Participants assigned to this arm will undergo the experiment in the following order: Image based Cue Reactivity Task, Monetary Incentive Delay Task, Odour based Cue Reactivity Task |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Alcoholic Odour | Other | A chemical used in fragrances and flavouring with a smell close to a nutty, buttery structure. Used as a 1:100 deionised water dilution. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signal within selected Regions of Interest (ROI) | Change in brain activation in the form of BOLD signals within 3 groups of ROIs:
| Once during the fMRI experiment |
| Odour based cue reactivity task | A cue reactivity task based on the odours and images of alcoholic and non-alcoholic items. Adapted from Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2011. Subjects are presented with odours and images of alcoholic (beer, wine, schnapps) and non-alcoholic (odour: 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one / images: broom, duster, clothing iron, lightbulb, mat, mulch, penlight, rack, rock, kitchen scissors, trough, vent) items during an fMRI session in blocks. For non-alcoholic items, in each block 5 images from the same stimuli group are presented with the non-alcoholic odour. For alcoholic items, in each block there are 5 images from the selected stimuli group with the congruent odour. After each block subjects are asked to rate their liking and wanting towards the items that have been presented to them in two 1-5 scales. Blocks are pseudorandomised to maximise balance between groups and minimise the effect of habituation. Minimum 1: "not at all", maximum 5: "very much". | Once during the fMRI screening |
| Image based cue reactivity task | A cue reactivity task based on the images of alcoholic and non-alcoholic items. Adapted from Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2011. Subjects are presented with images of the alcoholic (beer, wine, schnapps) and the non-alcoholic (broom, duster, clothing iron, lightbulb, mat, mulch, penlight, rack, rock, kitchen scissors, trough, vent) items during an fMRI session in blocks. In each block there are 5 images from the same stimuli group. After each block subjects are asked to rate their liking and wanting towards the items that have been presented to them in two 1-5 scales. Blocks are pseudorandomised to maximise balance between groups and minimise the effect of habituation. Minimum 1: "not at all", maximum 5: "very much". | Once during the fMRI screening |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Psychomotor Vigilance Test (Roach et al. 2006) | Task measuring the objective vigilance of subjects. To distinguish vigilance between the wake and the sleep conditions, following measures will be compared: Median reaction speed (1/reaction time) and percentage of lapses (number of lapses divided by the number of all valid stimuli, excluding false starts. Lapse >= 500 ms, false start < 100ms). The task is prepared in JsPsych, and administered with using a tablet connected to internet. Participant data is securely stored in an encrypted server. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Gordon B Feld, Dr | ZI Mannheim, Department of Clinical Psychology, RG Psychology and Neurobiology of Sleep and Memory | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit Mannheim | Mannheim | Baden-Wurttemberg | 68159 | Germany |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21292243 | Background | Vollstadt-Klein S, Loeber S, Kirsch M, Bach P, Richter A, Buhler M, von der Goltz C, Hermann D, Mann K, Kiefer F. Effects of cue-exposure treatment on neural cue reactivity in alcohol dependence: a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jun 1;69(11):1060-6. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.016. Epub 2011 Feb 3. | |
| 17190720 | Background |
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Due to data protection rules, individual data cannot be shared. Cumulated data on the group level can be made available for meta-analyses on request.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C000726459 | 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one |
| D001515 | Beer |
| D014920 | Wine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000434 | Alcoholic Beverages |
| D001628 | Beverages |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
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A two group study is constructed with the sole intention to balance the amount of participants who would undergo the same experiment with a different order. Half of the participants will receive odour based Cue Reactivity Task first, other half will complete the image based Cue Reactivity Task first.
Before the MRI screening participants would be asked about their preference between beer, wine and schnapps then during the odour based Cue Reactivity Task only their preferred beverage odour would be delivered.
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| Alcoholic Odour | Other | Alcoholic beverage beer / Alcoholic beverage red wine / Alcoholic beverage brandy / The type of the Alcoholic Odour intervention will be presented in a participant-preference basis. |
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| Non-Alcoholic Images | Other | Images of non-alcoholic items, namely; broom, duster, clothing iron, lightbulb, mat, mulch, penlight, rack, rock, kitchen scissors, trough, vent are presented in parallel with the non-alcoholic odour |
|
| Alcoholic Images | Other | Images of alcoholic items, namely, beer, wine, schnapps are presented in parallel with the alcoholic odour |
|
| Monetary incentive delay task | A task to invoke reward based activations in the subjects. Adapted from Kirsch et al., 2003. Subjects are presented 3 different stimulus conditions, each linked either to a positive monetary reward (a vertically oriented arrow pointing upward), a positive verbal feedback (a vertically oriented double-sided arrow) or a neutral no reward or feedback (a horizontally oriented double-sided arrow). After presentation of the two positive stimuli types, a flashing screen is presented and during the flashing screen if the subjects can press the button fast enough they will either win 1€ or they will be shown a positive verbal feedback depending on the positive stimuli type. The negative stimuli is followed by a 3 second black screen to include a control condition. Each stimulus condition is presented 10 times in a pseudorandom schedule with no more than two equal conditions in succession. The inter-trial interval randomly varies between 6-9 seconds. | Once during the fMRI screening |
| Once before the fMRI screening |
| Stanford Sleepiness Scale (Hoddes et al. 1973) | Test measuring current level of alertness of subjects on a seven point scale. A high test score indicates a high level of sleepiness and conversely a low test score yields a low level of sleepiness. Test scores will be utilized as a pre-measurement alertness indicator for participants. The task is prepared in JsPsych, and administered with using a tablet connected to internet. Participant data is securely stored in an encrypted server. | Once before the fMRI screening |
| Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (Bohn et al. 1995) | Questionnaire on self-assessment of current craving of subjects. Consists of 8 items on a Likert-type scale from 1-7 where higher scores represent stronger alcohol urges. The task is prepared in JsPsych, and administered with using a tablet connected to internet. Participant data is securely stored in an encrypted server. | Once before the fMRI screening |
| Sniffin' Sticks Test (Burghardt®, Wedel, Germany)(Hummel et al., 1997) | A psychophysical test that is developed for assessing individuals reactions to the olfactory stimuli (Hummel et al., 1997). The 12-stick test from Burghardt is chosen for the study and it consists of identifying one of the four items that are presented with each of the twelve odourant sticks. At the end, with the aid of the identification score, the participant's olfaction capability is assessed. | Once before the fMRI screening |
| Roach GD, Dawson D, Lamond N. Can a shorter psychomotor vigilance task be used as a reasonable substitute for the ten-minute psychomotor vigilance task? Chronobiol Int. 2006;23(6):1379-87. doi: 10.1080/07420520601067931. |
| 4719486 | Background | Hoddes E, Zarcone V, Smythe H, Phillips R, Dement WC. Quantification of sleepiness: a new approach. Psychophysiology. 1973 Jul;10(4):431-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00801.x. No abstract available. |
| 7573780 | Background | Bohn MJ, Krahn DD, Staehler BA. Development and initial validation of a measure of drinking urges in abstinent alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995 Jun;19(3):600-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01554.x. |
| 9056084 | Background | Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR, Pauli E, Kobal G. 'Sniffin' sticks': olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses. 1997 Feb;22(1):39-52. doi: 10.1093/chemse/22.1.39. |
| 14568478 | Background | Kirsch P, Schienle A, Stark R, Sammer G, Blecker C, Walter B, Ott U, Burkart J, Vaitl D. Anticipation of reward in a nonaversive differential conditioning paradigm and the brain reward system: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage. 2003 Oct;20(2):1086-95. doi: 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00381-1. |
| D000088082 |
| Fermented Beverages |
| D000074421 | Fermented Foods |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |