FDG-PET/CT is an established modality in various stages of management of lymphoma but definitive information regarding the diagnosis, prognostication, and further management is provided by histopathological examination. Combining the two modalities may provide an incremental benefit by identifying better sites for targetting biopsy and for better verification of sites and causes of FDG uptake seen during PET/CT.

Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants for PET/CT-guided biopsy. The procedure details, related risks, and benefits were explained to all the participants. A multidisciplinary team including hemato-oncologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and pathologists were involved in the project. A hemato-oncologist decided the biopsy indication after discussing it with the nuclear medicine physician. FDG avid lesions in a clinically suspected case of lymphoma or a suspicious, residual FDG avid lesion detected at the time of follow-up PET/CT imaging in a patient with a prior diagnosis of lymphoma were sampled. The per and post-procedural complications and management were maintained in the institutional PET data registry and the final histopathological diagnosis obtained was also collected.

Inclusion Criteria:

• FDG avid lesion in a clinically suspected case of lymphoma.
• Suspicious, residual FDG avid lesion detected at the time of follow-up PET/CT imaging in a patient with a prior diagnosis of lymphoma either at the end-of-treatment or during surveillance.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Deranged coagulation profile.
• Inaccessibility of the lesion for a percutaneous biopsy.
• Resolution of the lesion at the time of biopsy planning.
• Participant is not willing for the procedure.
• Pregnant females and participants less than 18 years of age.

Consecutive participants presenting either with clinical suspicion of lymphomatous etiology at initial documentation or follow-up PET/CT scan during interim evaluation or at the end of therapy in pathologically proven lymphomatous etiology were included. All the patients underwent whole-body FDG PET/CT imaging and the patients with a lesion suspicious for lymphomatous involvement on FDG PET/CT imaging were recruited for PET/CT guided biopsy.

Deidentified individual participant data will be made available on reasonable request for a period of five years from the end of the study.

Five years from the end of the study period

Will be made available from the principal investigator upon reasonable request.