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This study aimed to investigate the performance of activities of daily living (ADL) among 53 children ages 6-10 years: 17 with high-severity ASD (HS-ASD), 16 with low-severity ASD (LS-ASD), and 20 controls with typical development. Methods: The assessment combined a parent-reported questionnaire (the Participation in Childhood Occupation; PICO) alongside the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI self-care) and Performance-based task, the Washing Hands Structured Observation (WashHO).
study objectives were to:
(a) Examine participation characteristics in self-care and daily activities of school-age children with HS-ASD and LS-ASD compared to children with typical development, based on the parent-reported Participation in Childhood Occupation Questionnaire (PICO-Q) for ASD and PEDI (b) Establish the validity and reliability of the WashHO assessment.
The research hypotheses were (A) Significant differences will be found among children with HS-ASD, children with LS-ASD, and children with typical development in results of the PICO-Q and the PEDI self-care subtest of independence.
(B1) The internal consistency of the WashHO assessment will be at a Cronbach alpha level equal to or greater than 70.
(B2) Significant differences will be found among children with HS-ASD, LS-ASD, and typical development in the WashHO assessment performance criteria, thus establishing the WashHO's discriminate validity.
(B3) Significant correlations will be found among the four PICO-Q ADL items, which involve performing a sequence of actions (bathing, hygiene, clothing, and washing hands) and the WashHO assessment performance scores, establishing its convergent validity.
(B4) Significant correlations will be found among the WashHO performance and degree of independence scores and the PEDI independence subtest in self-care, establishing the WashHO's concurrent validity.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| HS-ASD | high-severity ASD |
| |
| LS-ASD | low-severity ASD |
| |
| control | typical development |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| observation | Other | The assessment combined a parent-reported questionnaire (the Participation in Childhood Occupation; PICO) alongside the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI self-care) and a Performance-based task, the Washing Hands Structured Observation (WashHO). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| PICO-Q ASD | The 34-item PICO-Q for ASD measures the level, enjoyment, and frequency of performance for children's participation in daily occupations in five domains: ADL (16 items), academic activity (seven items), play and leisure (four items), social functioning (four items), and routines and habits (two items; Bar-Shalita et al., 2009; Heller., 2013). In this study, each child could choose two addition items in which they were participating, and a handwashing item was added. Each item has four scores: difficulty in performance, frequency, involvement, and level of enjoyment, and scores range from 1 (low) to 5 (high). | through study completion, an average of 3 Months |
| PEDI Self-Care Subtest | Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory- parent report about children's ADL performance abilities (Haley et al., 1992). The test includes eight items measuring the typical amount of assistance the caregiver provides during the child's completion of tasks such as eating, grooming, and handwashing. Each item is scored from 5 (independence, no physical assistance or supervision) to 0 (total assistance, the caregiver does the entire task) and includes scoring of frequency-type adjustments. The total scale score ranges between 0 and 100, with lower scores indicating higher severity levels. | through study completion, an average of 3 Months |
| the Washing Hands Structured Observation (WashHO) | was developed based on the Do-Eat Performance-Based Assessment for Children (Do-Eat; Josman et al., 2010). examines BADL performance, sensorimotor skills, and executive functions abilities across the child's natural environments. includes four domains (a) performance analysis (10 items), (b) sensorimotor skills (SM; six items), (c) executive functions (EF; nine items), and (d) 10 unique performance characteristics. | through study completion, an average of 3 Months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Hebrew speakers
Exclusion Criteria:
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Study participants with an ASD diagnosis were recruited from special education schools, special education classes located in regular schools, or mainstream schools through parent referral.no significant group differences were found for the participants' age, gender, socioeconomic status, or religion.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Sara Rosenblum, Phd | University of Haifa | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hana Levy-Dayan | Haifa | 3229232 | Israel |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000067877 | Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002659 | Child Development Disorders, Pervasive |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019370 | Observation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008722 | Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
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