The study aims to assess the presence of fetal cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in singleton pregnancies conceived by assisted reproductive technology (Biopsied and Non-Biopsied ICSI) as compared with those conceived spontaneously (SC).

For gynecologists, reaching a conclusion about fetal cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in singleton pregnancies conceived by assisted reproductive technology (Biopsied and Non-Biopsied ICSI) or conceived spontaneously (SC) that would influence the clinical decision and best practice. Besides enriching the clinical evidence in fetal cardiac remodeling and dysfunction.

For society, the conclusion and recommendation shall maximize the benefits and managing the benefits of the technique used. Moreover, providing more information for fetal cardiac remodeling and dysfunction.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Women aged >18 years
2. Singleton pregnancy
3. Women who are willing and able to attend serial ultrasonographic examinations during the whole pregnancy
4. Women willing to sign an informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Multiple pregnancies; more than one fetus
2. Any maternal medical disease, including asthma, chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, extracardiac anomalies, human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis infection, immunological disorders, lupus, and thyroid disease
3. Diagnosis of fetal malformations; fetus with a structural or chromosomal anomaly
4. Fetus with Small-for-Gestational-Age (SGA) or intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) (a fetal weight that is below the 10th percentile for gestational age) as determined through an ultrasound.
5. Smokers or drug/alcohol women
6. Inability to understand and provide written informed consent

Singleton pregnant women conceived by:

• Assisted reproductive technology (Biopsied ICSI)
• Assisted reproductive technology (Non-Biopsied ICSI)
• Spontaneous conception (SC)