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Acute fatigue is the inability to generate a required or expected level of force or exercise intensity, whether or not preceded by previous exercise. It is an important risk factor in overuse injuries. It is multifactorial in nature and its mechanisms of formation are imprecise. This type of fatigue can affect both the peripheral level, generating neuromuscular or peripheral fatigue, and the central level, generating central fatigue Objective: To study several physiotherapeutic protocols, analyzing the degree of effectiveness of each one for the recovery of acute fatigue in athletes. Design: Prospective randomized experimental study with 4 groups of physiotherapeutic protocols suitable in acute fatigue recovery. Participants: Presentation of 80 patients treated with 4 therapeutic protocols, equally divided and purposely sexed. The four protocols were divided into: Active recovery (n=20) hydrotherapy (n=20) massage (n=20) and compression (n=20) for 4 weeks of treatment. Intervention: Active recovery protocols (group 1) hydrotherapy protocol (group 2) massage protocol (group 3) and comprehension protocol (group 4).
Keywords: Lower limbs, physiotherapy, athlete, biomechanics, protocol.
The etiology of injury in sport is multifactorial, generated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. There is evidence that supports that the management and handling of loads is the factor that generates the greatest risk of injury and that not respecting the load-recovery balance can lead to an accumulation of fatigue resulting in poor training adaptation which leads to increased risk of injury. From a physiological approach, fatigue is defined as a functional failure of the organism which, due to excessive energy expenditure and depletion of substrates necessary for energy production, leads to a decrease in performance.
Acute fatigue is the inability to generate a required or expected level of exercise force or intensity, whether or not preceded by previous exercise. Acute fatigue is an important risk factor in overuse injuries. It is multifactorial in nature and its mechanisms of formation are imprecise. This type of fatigue can affect both the peripheral level, generating neuromuscular or peripheral fatigue, and the central level, generating central fatigue. Peripheral or neuromuscular fatigue is the result of altered musculoskeletal homeostasis due to a limitation or failure of one or more motor unit processes, producing a dysfunction in the contraction process. Central fatigue is an involuntary failure in brain function or nerve impulse conduction, resulting in impaired transmission from the central nervous system (CNS) and impaired motor axon recruitment. One of the main factors associated with central fatigue is the alteration of synthesis and activity of some neurotransmitters.
Elite athletes push their training to the limit in order to maximize their performance. This generates muscle damage that results in a breakdown of structural proteins of muscle fibers and connective tissues, causing tissue inflammation, Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) and an increase in perceived fatigue. To maximize an athlete's ability to perform, it is not only the training that must be addressed, but also the balance between training and recovery. This prevents maladaptation to physiological and psychological stresses induced by the load. Therefore, it is important for the athlete to optimize the recovery period to reduce the risk of injury.
The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the efficacy of various physiotherapeutic protocols, analyzing the degree of effectiveness in each of these for recovery from acute fatigue in athletes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1: Compression technique | Active Comparator | 20 participants make up the compression technique group. |
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| Group 2: Massage techniques | Active Comparator | 20 participants make up the massage technique group. |
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| Group 3: Hydromassage | Active Comparator | 20 participants make up the hydromassage technique group. |
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| Group 4: Active recovery technique. | Active Comparator | 20 participants make up the active recovery technique group. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire | Diagnostic Test | The scale measures ordinally (1 to 5) the values observed during exposure to anxiety patterns during exercise, such as higher repetitions, greater weight gain or longer exercise duration, as follows:
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire (STAI) | The range or index of anxiety perceived during the exam and the ability to tolerate anxious moments are evaluated. | five months |
| Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | The range or rate of perceived exertion during the scan is evaluated. | five months |
| Scale Countermovement jump (CMJ) | The range or index of neuromuscular performance during the scan is evaluated. | five months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of participants in each physical therapy application | Five reviews were carried out corresponding to the five months of treatment. During these five months, the participants received one session per week, until a total of 20 sessions were completed:
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Gema León Bravo, Physiotherap | Gema León Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Clinic | Principal Investigator |
| Rafael Arenas Quiles, Physiotherap | Universidad de Córdoba | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gema León Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Clinic | Córdoba | Andalusia | 14011 | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30659497 | Background | Benjaminse A, Webster KE, Kimp A, Meijer M, Gokeler A. Revised Approach to the Role of Fatigue in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses. Sports Med. 2019 Apr;49(4):565-586. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01052-6. | |
| 33422109 | Background | Guan Y, Bredin S, Jiang Q, Taunton J, Li Y, Wu N, Wu L, Warburton D. The effect of fatigue on asymmetry between lower limbs in functional performances in elite child taekwondo athletes. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021 Jan 9;16(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s13018-020-02175-7. |
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The request for the data will be studied and considered upon prior and justified request.
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80 patients divided into 4 groups of equal size and randomly selected. The 4 treatment methods used will be as follows:
Group 1: Compression techniques (n=20). Group 2: Massage techniques (n=20) Group 3: Hydrotherapy (n=20) Group 4: Active recovery technique (n=20)
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| Rating of Perceived Exertion | Diagnostic Test | The scale measures in ordinal form (1 to 6) the perceived effort during the exercise as follows:
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| Motor coordination tests | Diagnostic Test | The motor coordination tests are divided into three:
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| Physiotherapeutic intervention | Procedure | Participants received one session per week, until a total of 20 sessions were completed: Group 1 (n=20) received the muscle compression treatment. Group 2 (n=20) received the manual massage treatment. Group 3 (n=20) received the hydrotherapy treatment and group 4 (n=20) received the active recovery treatment. |
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| Data Analysis | Other | The usual descriptive parameters (mean and standard deviation) of the sample were calculated. The distribution and analysis of the other data were performed by means of a nonparametric test (Mann-Whitney U test) comparing the groups. A confidence level of 95% was established, considering a value of p<0.05 as statistically significant. |
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| five months |
| 34421641 | Background | Burton I. Autoregulation in Resistance Training for Lower Limb Tendinopathy: A Potential Method for Addressing Individual Factors, Intervention Issues, and Inadequate Outcomes. Front Physiol. 2021 Aug 5;12:704306. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.704306. eCollection 2021. |
| 28979857 | Background | Trojian T, Driban J, Nuti R, Distefano L, Root H, Nistler C, LaBella C. Osteoarthritis action alliance consensus opinion - best practice features of anterior cruciate ligament and lower limb injury prevention programs. World J Orthop. 2017 Sep 18;8(9):726-734. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v8.i9.726. eCollection 2017 Sep 18. |
| 33761989 | Background | Franke TPC, Backx FJG, Huisstede BMA. Lower extremity compression garments use by athletes: why, how often, and perceived benefit. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021 Mar 24;13(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s13102-020-00230-8. |
| 30988836 | Background | Ghram A, Young JD, Soori R, Behm DG. Unilateral Knee and Ankle Joint Fatigue Induce Similar Impairment to Bipedal Balance in Judo Athletes. J Hum Kinet. 2019 Mar 27;66:7-18. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0063. eCollection 2019 Mar. |
| 33086605 | Background | Cejudo A, Sainz de Baranda P, Ayala F, De Ste Croix M, Santonja-Medina F. Assessment of the Range of Movement of the Lower Limb in Sport: Advantages of the ROM-SPORT I Battery. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Oct 19;17(20):7606. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207606. |
| 34475623 | Background | DeLang MD, Salamh PA, Farooq A, Tabben M, Whiteley R, van Dyk N, Chamari K. The dominant leg is more likely to get injured in soccer players: systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport. 2021 Sep;38(3):397-435. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.100265. Epub 2020 Oct 28. |
| 27587598 | Background | Gilbert FC, Burdette GT, Joyner AB, Llewellyn TA, Buckley TA. Association Between Concussion and Lower Extremity Injuries in Collegiate Athletes. Sports Health. 2016 Nov/Dec;8(6):561-567. doi: 10.1177/1941738116666509. Epub 2016 Sep 20. |
| 33467385 | Background | Drury B, Ratel S, Clark CCT, Fernandes JFT, Moran J, Behm DG. Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: Perspectives for Long-Term Athletic Development. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2019 Nov 28;4(4):70. doi: 10.3390/jfmk4040070. |
| 33064821 | Background | Mang CS, Whitten TA, Cosh MS, Dukelow SP, Benson BW. Assessment of Postural Stability During an Upper Extremity Rapid, Bimanual Motor Task After Sport-Related Concussion. J Athl Train. 2020 Nov 1;55(11):1160-1173. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-378-19. |
| 32922630 | Background | Avedesian JM, Covassin T, Dufek JS. The Influence of Sport-Related Concussion on Lower Extremity Injury Risk: A Review of Current Return-to-Play Practices and Clinical Implications. Int J Exerc Sci. 2020 Aug 1;13(3):873-889. doi: 10.70252/WVYL1782. eCollection 2020. |
| 26900498 | Background | Frutuoso AS, Diefenthaeler F, Vaz MA, Freitas Cde L. LOWER LIMB ASYMMETRIES IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS ATHLETES. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Feb;11(1):34-43. |
| 31243317 | Background | Siupsinskas L, Garbenyte-Apolinskiene T, Salatkaite S, Gudas R, Trumpickas V. Association of pre-season musculoskeletal screening and functional testing with sports injuries in elite female basketball players. Sci Rep. 2019 Jun 26;9(1):9286. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45773-0. |
| 27501359 | Background | Dubose DF, Herman DC, Jones DL, Tillman SM, Clugston JR, Pass A, Hernandez JA, Vasilopoulos T, Horodyski M, Chmielewski TL. Lower Extremity Stiffness Changes after Concussion in Collegiate Football Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Jan;49(1):167-172. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001067. |
| 33923520 | Background | Beck B, Drysdale L. Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Management of Bone Stress Injuries in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel). 2021 Apr 16;9(4):52. doi: 10.3390/sports9040052. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007869 | Leg Injuries |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
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