This project examines the effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on pain. The investigators believe this study will help to better understand possible treatments for chronic pain patients. Participants undergo structural imaging, a functional Magnetic Resonance Image (fMRI) and computed tomography (CT). These images are used to align the low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) device which uses sound waves to temporarily change brain activity. Pain testing is done using a small device that will increase/decrease the temperature of the skin. Brain signals are collected using electroencephalography (EEG). Heart rate, blood pressure, and skin moisture will be monitored as well.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Understand and speak English

Exclusion Criteria:

• MRI/CT/EEG contraindications.

  1. Claustrophobia
  2. Contraindications to MRI: including pacemaker, aneurysm clips, neurostimulators, cochlear implants, metal in eyes, steel worker, or other implants.
  3. Contraindications to CT: pregnancy
  4. Active medical disorder or treatment with potential CNS effects
  5. History of neurologic disorder
  6. History of head injury resulting in loss of consciousness for >10 minutes.
  7. History of alcohol or drug dependence
  8. Failure to provide Social Security Number or Tax ID number. This is required for tax purposes or payment cannot be processed.

Sham trials will be utilized within subject. All subjects will receive sham and ultrasound conditions.